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  • Exploration of Immunology

    eISSN: 2768-6655
    EiC: Calogero Caruso, Italy
    Frequency: Continuous Publication
    APC: No Article Processing Charge before 31 March, 2026
    Publishing Model: Open Access
    Peer Review Model: Single Blind
    Permanent Archive: Portico
    Indexing & Archiving: Scopus, Google Scholar, DOAJ, CAS, Dimensions, Portico, etc.
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    Articles
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune-checkpoint inhibitor resistance in patients with cancer
    The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the landscape of oncology, offering significant improvements in patient survival and achieving remarkable long-term outcomes.  [...] Read more.
    Luis Cabezón-Gutiérrez ... Vilma Pacheco-Barcia
    Published: May 20, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003196
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003196
    This article belongs to the special issue The Role of Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Cancer and Hematological Malignancies
    View:29
    Download:4
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Impact of sucrose consumption on inflammatory and immunological parameters in newborn offspring of females mice with gestational diabetes mellitus
    Aim: This study aims to analyze the impact of sucrose consumption on inflammatory and immunological parameters of newborn offspring of females with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Metho [...] Read more.
    Beatriz Elina Martínez-Carrillo ... Ana Laura Guadarrama-López
    Published: May 20, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003195
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003195
    This article belongs to the special issue The Nutritional Influence on Immune Functionality
    View:26
    Download:5
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Identification of potential DAMPs released by necroptosis in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer cells and their effect on macrophage differentiation
    Aim: Mutations in key regulators of apoptosis have necessitated exploring the alternative cell death pathways like necroptosis in breast cancer (BC). Necroptosis is immunogenic due to the release [...] Read more.
    Banita Thakur ... Alka Bhatia
    Published: May 15, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003194
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003194
    View:132
    Download:5
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Human inborn errors of immunity: diagnosis and management
    Primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) now known as inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is genetic disorder(s) that impair the immune system. IEI is a heterogeneous group of diseases of more than 485 li [...] Read more.
    Iftekhar Mahmood
    Published: May 12, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003193
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003193
    View:160
    Download:9
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Macrophages in the pathogenesis of monogenic muscular dystrophies: inflammation, fibrosis, and therapeutic implications
    Monogenic muscular dystrophies (MDs), such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), are characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and impair [...] Read more.
    Jae Hyung Kim, Jea-Hyun Baek
    Published: April 16, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003192
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003192
    View:453
    Download:14
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Diets for inflammatory bowel disease: impact on microbiome and immunomodulatory microbial metabolites
    Diet plays a complex role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), significantly influencing the microbiome and metabolome. Three key metabolites implicated in IBD are short chain fatt [...] Read more.
    Hebe Mendez, Ger Rijkers
    Published: April 08, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003191
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003191
    This article belongs to the special issue The Nutritional Influence on Immune Functionality
    View:523
    Download:17
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    COVID-19 vaccine and immune response
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; βCoV), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes severe lower respiratory tract infections and acute  [...] Read more.
    Sevilay Hintistan, Hatice Demirağ
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:341–355
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00023
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:28075
    Download:51
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Exploring the possible link between the spike protein immunoglobulin G4 antibodies and cancer progression
    Repeated inoculation with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines elicits immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody production. Such an increase in the concentration of specific and non-specific IgG4 antibodies allow [...] Read more.
    Mikolaj Raszek ... Alberto Rubio-Casillas
    Published: April 25, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:267–284
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00140
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:25105
    Download:499
    Open Access
    Review
    Rheumatoid arthritis: a complex tale of autoimmune hypersensitivity
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by a spectrum of hypersensitivity reactions, encompassing Type II, Type III, and Type IV responses. Firstly, RA is marked by  [...] Read more.
    Jihye Heo ... Jea-Hyun Baek
    Published: June 20, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:358–375
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00146
    This article belongs to the special issue Chronic Inflammation and Autoimmunity
    View:11382
    Download:95
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19
    There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani [...] Read more.
    Eknath D. Ahire, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:243–257
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00016
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:8622
    Download:171
    Open Access
    Review
    The influence of reproductive hormones on systemic lupus erythematosus
    Humans are afflicted by a wide spectrum of autoimmune disorders, ranging from those affecting just one or a few organs to those associated with more systemic effects. In most instances, the etiology [...] Read more.
    Ruchi Sachdeva, Rahul Pal
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:351–362
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00055
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:8413
    Download:94
    Open Access
    Review
    The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis
    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier disruption, type 2 immune dysregulation, chronic pruritus, and abnormal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Tapinarof, an aryl  [...] Read more.
    Yen Hai Vu ... Gaku Tsuji
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:4–15
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00002
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:8037
    Download:254
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Exploring the possible link between the spike protein immunoglobulin G4 antibodies and cancer progression
    Repeated inoculation with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines elicits immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody production. Such an increase in the concentration of specific and non-specific IgG4 antibodies allow [...] Read more.
    Mikolaj Raszek ... Alberto Rubio-Casillas
    Published: April 25, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:267–284
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00140
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:25105
    Download:499
    Open Access
    Review
    Chemokines and nanomaterials: interaction for useful immune-applications
    Chemokines are homeostatic or inflammatory small proteins regulating immune cell migration and are structurally characterized by cysteine disulfide bridges. Around 50 human chemokines binding almost [...] Read more.
    Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:637–647
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00073
    View:4322
    Download:312
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunology of biodegradable nanoparticles: a brief overview on a wide growing field
    Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a nov [...] Read more.
    Anissa Pisani, Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:48–60
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00006
    View:5810
    Download:303
    Open Access
    Review
    The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis
    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier disruption, type 2 immune dysregulation, chronic pruritus, and abnormal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Tapinarof, an aryl  [...] Read more.
    Yen Hai Vu ... Gaku Tsuji
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:4–15
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00002
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:8037
    Download:254
    Times Cited: 0
    Open Access
    Review
    Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases
    Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim [...] Read more.
    Xinhui Ni, Yuping Lai
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:418–431
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00028
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:5977
    Download:221
    Open Access
    Review
    Interleukin-22 and keratinocytes; pathogenic implications in skin inflammation
    Interleukin (IL)-22 is produced from immune cells such as T helper (Th)22 cells, Th17/22 cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. IL-22 signals via the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and the IL-10 rece [...] Read more.
    Masutaka Furue, Mihoko Furue
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:37–47
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00005
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:5627
    Download:176
    Open Access
    Review
    Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies
    Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies [...] Read more.
    Navdeep Jhita, Sunil S. Raikar
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:334–350
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00054
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:6518
    Download:155
    Open Access
    Review
    Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases
    Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim [...] Read more.
    Xinhui Ni, Yuping Lai
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:418–431
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00028
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:5977
    Download:221
    Open Access
    Review
    High avidity of vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2: potential relevance for protective humoral immunity
    Avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is defined as its binding strength to its target antigen. As a consequence of affinity maturation of the IgG response, avidity is maturing as well. Therefore, acute [...] Read more.
    Georg Bauer
    Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:133–156
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00040
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    Open Access
    Review
    Interplay between mesenchymal stromal cells and immune system: clinical applications in immune-related diseases
    Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a mesodermal stem cell population, with known self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties. In the last century, MSCs have been widely used in regene [...] Read more.
    Panagiotis Mallis ... Catherine Stavropoulos Giokas
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:112–139
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00010
    View:6579
    Download:117
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19
    There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani [...] Read more.
    Eknath D. Ahire, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:243–257
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00016
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:8622
    Download:171
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)
    Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whi [...] Read more.
    Brent Brown ... Enrique Chacon-Cruz
    Published: November 21, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:525–553
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00119
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:5333
    Download:115
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