• 95 results in Exploration of Immunology
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    Role of Vav1, a hematopoietic signal transduction molecule, as an adaptor protein in health and disease
    The growth and differentiation of normal cells are controlled by protein-tyrosine kinases, which serve as receptors for a wide variety of external signals. Small protein modules called Src homology  [...] Read more.
    Shulamit Katzav
    Published: April 28, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:158–173
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00095
    This article belongs to the special issue The Role of Adaptor Proteins in Lymphoid Cell Signaling
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    Perspective
    Localization in vesicles, clusters and supramolecular complexes as key elements of LAT function
    Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a central adaptor protein in proximal T cell activation. A key element of its adaptor function is the efficiency with which LAT interacts with its binding p [...] Read more.
    Laura E. McMillan, Christoph Wülfing
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:148–157
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00094
    This article belongs to the special issue The Role of Adaptor Proteins in Lymphoid Cell Signaling
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    Chemokine-targeted nanoparticles: stimulation of the immune system in cancer immunotherapy
    Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are potential therapeutic choices for many malignant and metastatic cancers. Despite adverse side effects and pain, surgery and chemothera [...] Read more.
    Ranjeet Singh ... Partha Pratim Manna
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:123–147
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00093
    This article belongs to the special issue Nanomaterials interaction with chemokines: perspectives for applied immunology
    View:243
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    Mesenchymal stem cells—the master immunomodulators
    Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known as multipotent cells due to their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages of mesoderm origin. Recent developments in stem cell biology hav [...] Read more.
    Mehak Vohra, Sunil K. Arora
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:104–122
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00092
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of Stem Cells and Immunology in Regenerative Medicine
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    Beyond MHC binding: immunogenicity prediction tools to refine neoantigen selection in cancer patients
    In the last years, multiple efforts have been made to accurately predict neoantigens derived from somatic mutations in cancer patients, either to develop personalized therapeutic vaccines or to stud [...] Read more.
    Ibel Carri ... María Marcela Barrio
    Published: April 25, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:82–103
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00091
    This article belongs to the special issue Bioinformatics, Big Data, AI: Exploring Immunology
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    Inflammasomes driven inflammation in lung cancer revisited: a short review
    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The main risk factor for lung cancer is exposure to chemicals present in cigarettes and atmospheric pollutants, which, among othe [...] Read more.
    Vitor Rodrigues da Costa ... Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
    Published: March 14, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:70–81
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00090
    This article belongs to the special issue DNA Sensing in Lung Inflammation
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    SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway in the lung: a review
    The infection of COVID-19 is directly linked to the destruction of lung epithelial cells, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS [...] Read more.
    Gislei F. Aragão ... Sara Lívia M. Teixeira
    Published: February 28, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:56–69
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00089
    This article belongs to the special issue DNA Sensing in Lung Inflammation
    View:325
    Download:29
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    Review
    Role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 in B- and T-lymphocytes
    Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of intracellular signaling adaptors that associate with the cytoplasmic tails of a diverse range of lymphocyte receptors [...] Read more.
    Mari Hikosaka Kuniishi ... Takanori So
    Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:40–55
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00088
    This article belongs to the special issue The Role of Adaptor Proteins in Lymphoid Cell Signaling
    View:220
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    Review
    Innate immune cell and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 interaction
    Coronavirus disease caused by the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major public health that has submerged the world into a crisis unpreceden [...] Read more.
    Naima G. Cortes-Perez
    Published: February 26, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:28–39
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00087
    This article belongs to the special issue Immunology, Immunopathology and Genomics of SARS-COV-2
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    Cytomegalovirus at the crossroads of immunosenescence and oncogenesis
    Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), whose genome is around 235 kb, is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that infects between 40% and 95% of the population. Though HCMV infection is co [...] Read more.
    Fidaa Bouezzedine ... Georges Herbein
    Published: February 24, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:17–27
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00086
    This article belongs to the special issue Immunosenescence: Mechanisms and Its Impact
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    Review
    Immunoinformatics and tick vaccinology
    Immunoinformatics is an emerging area focused on development and applications of methods used to facilitate vaccine development. There is a growing interest in the field of vaccinology cente [...] Read more.
    Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz ... Fernando Rosario-Domínguez
    Published: February 24, 2023 Explor Immunol. 2023;3:1–16
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2023.00085
    This article belongs to the special issue Bioinformatics, Big Data, AI: Exploring Immunology
    View:331
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    Review
    Incursions by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 on the host anti-viral immunity during mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease 2019 disease
    The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the human host can lead to various clinical manifestations, from symptomless carriers to mild to moderate to severe/critical illness. Therefore, the cli [...] Read more.
    Nitin Saksena ... Thyago H. Cardoso
    Published: December 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:794–811
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00084
    This article belongs to the special issue Immunology, Immunopathology and Genomics of SARS-COV-2
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    Original Article
    The synergistic effects of the constant region and variable heavy chain families of multimeric immunoglobulin M on its interaction with Fc-mu receptor and antigen
    Aim: As the primary response antibody with increasing use as a therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig) format, IgM is also the largest antibody structure among the five major human isotypes. Spontaneousl [...] Read more.
    Wei-Li Ling, Samuel Ken-En Gan
    Published: December 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:783–793
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00083
    View:373
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    Review
    Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 modulates T-cell functions
    Immune responses are orchestrated by controlling the initiation, magnitude, and duration of various signaling pathways. Adaptor proteins act as positive or negative regulators by targeting critical  [...] Read more.
    Tadashi Matsuda ... Kenji Oritani
    Published: December 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:771–782
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00082
    This article belongs to the special issue The Role of Adaptor Proteins in Lymphoid Cell Signaling
    View:404
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    Review
    Role of tyrosine kinase 2 signals during progression of psoriasis
    Psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by scaly erythema, parakeratosis, and epidermal hyperplasia. Application of imiquimod (IMQ), a ligand for Toll-like receptor 7, produces a mouse model for psoriasis. IMQ application induce [...] Read more.
    Ryuta Muromoto ... Tadashi Matsuda
    Published: December 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:760–770
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00081
    This article belongs to the special issue Cytokines and Skin Diseases
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    Original Article
    Distributing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) database in histocompatibility: a shift in HLA data governance
    Aim: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) population genetics has been a historical field centralizing data resource. HLA genetics databases typically facilitate access to frequencies of allele, haploty [...] Read more.
    Sirine Sayadi ... Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
    Published: November 01, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:749–759
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00080
    This article belongs to the special issue Bioinformatics, Big Data, AI: Exploring Immunology
    View:545
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    Review
    Fight fire with fire: the need for a vaccine based on intrinsic disorder and structural flexibility
    The absence of advancement in finding efficient vaccines for several human viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) de [...] Read more.
    Vladimir N. Uversky
    Published: October 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:731–748
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00079
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:565
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    Perspective
    Utilization of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens for microbiota characterization in cancer: utility and concern
    Microbiome research has enormous potential in cancer research and the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues could offer many advantages. The tumor microenvironment represents a suit [...] Read more.
    Leandro Di Gloria, Elena Niccolai
    Published: October 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:723–730
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00078
    This article belongs to the special issue New insights in cancer immunology: the role of microbiota from immunosurveillance to immunotherapy
    View:358
    Download:20
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    Review
    Natural killer cell-mediated immunopathology in recurrent pregnancy losses
    Natural killer (NK) cells have a dual role in human reproduction for maternal-fetal tolerance and protection from infection. During the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, peripheral NK (pNK) and uterine N [...] Read more.
    Thanh Luu ... Joanne Kwak-Kim
    Published: October 30, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:693–722
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00077
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:581
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    Review
    Do endometrial immune changes with age prior to menopause compromise fertility in women?
    Menopause signals the end of the reproductive period in women. However, fertility and fecundity decrease with increasing age prior to menopause demonstrating that changes in the premenopausal female [...] Read more.
    Mickey V. Patel ... Charles R. Wira
    Published: October 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:677–692
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00076
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    Open Access
    Review
    The progression of sepsis from physiologic systemic inflammatory response to immune dysregulation due to life-threatening infections
    Sepsis was defined in 1991 by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria which consisted mostly of physiologic responses to infection or inflammation (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, [...] Read more.
    Nicholas Daering, Majdi N. Al-Hasan
    Published: October 25, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:665–676
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00075
    This article belongs to the special issue The Sepsis induced Immune Conundrum
    View:392
    Download:25
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    Review
    Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a major public health concern causing devastating sociological, economic, and psychological damage to livelihood all over the world. The most intense [...] Read more.
    Basista Rabina Sharma, P. Veeranna Ravindra
    Published: September 21, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:648–664
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00074
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:571
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    Review
    Chemokines and nanomaterials: interaction for useful immune-applications
    Chemokines are homeostatic or inflammatory small proteins regulating immune cell migration and are structurally characterized by cysteine disulfide bridges. Around 50 human chemokines binding almost [...] Read more.
    Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:637–647
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00073
    This article belongs to the special issue Nanomaterials interaction with chemokines: perspectives for applied immunology
    View:655
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    Review
    A non-redundant role of complement protein C1q in normal and adverse pregnancy
    Complement component 1q (C1q) is the recognition molecule of the classical pathway of the complement system that can bind to an array of closely spaced antigen-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM a [...] Read more.
    Chiara Agostinis ... Roberta Bulla
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:622–636
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00072
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:513
    Download:42
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    Review
    Vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: development and reactivity of anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies and immune pathogenic mechanisms
    In ultrarare cases, patients vaccinated with DNA adenovirus vector vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), develop a vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocy [...] Read more.
    Jean Amiral ... Gwenaëlle Renaud
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:604–621
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00071
    Open Access
    Review
    Understanding sepsis-induced immunosuppression and organ dysfunctions: from immunosuppression to immunotherapy
    Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by dysregulated host immune response to infection, leading to persistent inflammation followed by immunosuppression. Sepsis represents a substantial glo [...] Read more.
    Dablu Lal Gupta ... D. N. Rao
    Published: August 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:589–603
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00070
    This article belongs to the special issue The‌ ‌Sepsis‌ ‌induced‌ ‌Immune‌ ‌Conundrum
    View:594
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    Perspective
    The human microbiome and the tumor microenvironment
    The human microbiome has emerged as an intriguing field of scientific research. Its role in human physiology impacts both health and disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabol [...] Read more.
    Joseph F. Murphy
    Published: August 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:581–588
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00069
    This article belongs to the special issue New insights in cancer immunology: the role of microbiota from immunosurveillance to immunotherapy
    View:648
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    Perspective
    Immune network operations in COVID-19
    The immune system, whose nature lies in being a complex network of interactions, lends itself well to being represented and studied using graph theory. However, it should be noted that although the  [...] Read more.
    Javier Burgos-Salcedo
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:572–580
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00068
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    Review
    Contribution of immunology to build precision medicine in reproduction: present and future
    Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age. The failure of a blastocyst to implant is a leading cause of psychological distress. It became increasingly evident that an effective immu [...] Read more.
    Alaa Kazhalawi ... Nathalie Lédée
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:558–571
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00067
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:376
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    Review
    γδ T cells: a sparkling star for clinical immunotherapy
    Human γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that function in innate and adaptive immune responses and immunosurveillance. These cells show potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex unrestr [...] Read more.
    Jiamian Zheng ... Zhenyi Jin
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:540–557
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00066
    View:465
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    Review
    Uterine natural killer cells and successful pregnancy: from mouse experiments to human physiology
    Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, a specific type of natural killer (NK) cells, are important cells at the foeto-maternal interface in humans as well as in mice. uNK cells are part of the innate l [...] Read more.
    Marijke M. Faas
    Published: August 25, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:518–539
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00065
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:388
    Download:16
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    Review
    Pathogenesis of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: the key role of beta 2 glycoprotein I
    Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by recurrent pregnancy morbidity and/or vascular thrombosis associated with the persistent presence of antibodies against anionic phospholipid-binding prot [...] Read more.
    Pier Luigi Meroni ... Francesco Tedesco
    Published: August 19, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:510–517
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00064
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:342
    Download:21
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    Review
    Small molecules targeting endolysosomal acidification and signaling in sepsis and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19
    Sepsis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and its severe form coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represent the major medical challenges of the modern era.  [...] Read more.
    Markus Blaess ... Hans-Peter Deigner
    Published: August 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:484–509
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00063
    This article belongs to the special issue The‌ ‌Sepsis‌ ‌induced‌ ‌Immune‌ ‌Conundrum
    View:670
    Download:33
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    Review
    Endometriosis through an immunological lens: a pathophysiology based in immune dysregulation
    Endometriosis (EMS) is an inflammatory, gynaecologic disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissues outside the uterus. With no satisfactory therapies or non-invasive diagnostics availab [...] Read more.
    Alison McCallion ... Chandrakant Tayade
    Published: July 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:454–483
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00062
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:607
    Download:33
    Times Cited: 0
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    Review
    In COVID-19, antigen size lower or larger than 70 kDa modulates the sepsis and memory B cells
    This review pretends to shed light on the immune processes occurring in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a perspective based on the antigens size, lower or larger than 70 kDa. This cutof [...] Read more.
    Francisco Javier Martín Oncina
    Published: July 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:442–453
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00061
    This article belongs to the special issue The‌ ‌Sepsis‌ ‌induced‌ ‌Immune‌ ‌Conundrum
    View:620
    Download:32
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    Review
    Advances in innate immune memory of macrophages
    Immunity is usually classified into two categories: innate immunity and adaptive immunity, distinguished by the process and characteristics of the immunological impact. It was widely assumed that on [...] Read more.
    Safir Ullah Khan, Munir Ullah Khan
    Published: June 28, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:428–441
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00060
    View:893
    Download:59
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    Review
    Cytokines and pregnancy complications: modulation for prevention and treatment
    “There is many a slip twist the cup and the lip” is a proverb that dates back to the 3rd century. This proverb comes to mind while writing a review on pregnancy loss; so many complications can occur between fertilization and d [...] Read more.
    Raj Raghupathy
    Published: June 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:414–427
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00059
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:672
    Download:35
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    Review
    Polycystic ovary syndrome and immune deregulation: what do hormones want to say?
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequently observed endocrinopathies among women of reproductive age that redound to subfertility. The specific etiology of this heterogenic syndr [...] Read more.
    Betcy Susan Johnson, Malini Laloraya
    Published: June 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:393–413
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00058
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:854
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    Protocol
    A multispectral immunohistochemistry panel to investigate γδ T cells and butyrophilin molecules in the tumour microenvironment
    Conventional immunohistochemistry methods though once fundamental for the individual staining of cell markers, have now been superseded by multispectral immunohistochemistry (mIHC). mIHC enables sim [...] Read more.
    Jessica Da Gama Duarte ... Andreas Behren
    Published: June 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:383–392
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00057
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:712
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    Review
    Inviting regulatory T cells to pregnant endometrium: friends or foes in adverse pregnancy outcomes?
    Among decidual immune cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been unanimously recognized as central contributors to tolerance and maintenance of healthy pregnancy. Numerical and functional downregul [...] Read more.
    Shibin Cheng ... Surendra Sharma
    Published: June 13, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:363–382
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00056
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:483
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    Review
    The influence of reproductive hormones on systemic lupus erythematosus
    Humans are afflicted by a wide spectrum of autoimmune disorders, ranging from those affecting just one or a few organs to those associated with more systemic effects. In most instances, the etiology [...] Read more.
    Ruchi Sachdeva, Rahul Pal
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:351–362
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00055
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:1051
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    Review
    Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies
    Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies [...] Read more.
    Navdeep Jhita, Sunil S. Raikar
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:334–350
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00054
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:1177
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    Review
    Obesity and cancer: the gammadelta T cell link
    Obesity has become a worldwide scourge, affecting more than 10% of adults worldwide. While widely recognized to be associated with increased incidence of medical conditions such as diabe [...] Read more.
    Ilan Bank
    Published: May 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:320–333
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00053
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    Open Access
    Review
    Sensing of viral lung infections by cGAS-STING
    Lower respiratory tract infections caused over 4 million deaths per year worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Viral respiratory infections often occur as rapidly spreading seasonal endemic [...] Read more.
    Lei Fang, Michael Roth
    Published: May 30, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:303–319
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00052
    This article belongs to the special issue DNA Sensing in Lung Inflammation
    Open Access
    Review
    Janus face of sepsis: a viewpoint
    Treatment of sepsis currently relies on eliminating the causal pathogen and supportive care, whereas almost no approaches to interfere with the defining event of a “dysregulated host response” are available. This review points [...] Read more.
    Michael Bauer, Reinhard Wetzker
    Published: May 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:293–302
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00051
    This article belongs to the special issue The‌ ‌Sepsis‌ ‌induced‌ ‌Immune‌ ‌Conundrum
    View:522
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    Review
    Therapeutic and prophylactic applications of self-replicating RNA viruses
    Self-replicating RNA viruses have been commonly used for preventive and therapeutic interventions in the fields of infectious diseases and cancers. Both RNA viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes  [...] Read more.
    Kenneth Lundstrom
    Published: May 18, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:264–292
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00050
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    Open Access
    Review
    SARS-CoV-2: overview of immune response, insights into vaccine platforms and their challenges
    The crown-like shaped viruses known as coronaviruses which were first reported in the 1960’s have caused three epidemics in the past two decades namely, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [...] Read more.
    Balram Ji Omar ... Manju O. Pai
    Published: May 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:245–263
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00049
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
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    Review
    Mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its role in Alzheimer’s disease
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurological disease in the elderly, and the major manifestations are cognitive dysfunction, neuronal loss, and neuropathic lesions in the brain. In  [...] Read more.
    Xiaohan Gao ... Xueling Dai
    Published: May 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:229–244
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00048
    View:881
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    Perspective
    Anti-cancer γδ T lymphocytes: contradictory past and promising future
    Recent anti-cancer strategies are based on the stimulation of anti-tumor immune reaction, exploiting distinct lymphocyte subsets. Among them, γδ T cells represent optimal anti-cancer candidates, especially in those tissues where [...] Read more.
    Alessandro Poggi, Maria Raffaella Zocchi
    Published: April 28, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:220–228
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00047
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:668
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    Review
    A proposed new paradigm for an anti-AIDS tolerogenic vaccine
    Until now, despite 30 years of intensive work, the RV144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial initiated in 2003 remains so far the most protective vaccine prototype of all those tested ( [...] Read more.
    Christine Jacomet
    Published: April 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:211–219
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00046
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:673
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    Original Article
    Thymosin alpha 1 therapy alleviates organ dysfunction of sepsis patients: a retrospective cohort study
    Aim: Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is a promising treatment for the improvement of sepsis patients. Until now, its function in reducing acute organ damage of sepsis patients is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine wheth [...] Read more.
    Fei Pei ... on behalf of the China Critical Care Immunotherapy Research Group
    Published: April 22, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:200–210
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00045
    This article belongs to the special issue The‌ ‌Sepsis‌ ‌induced‌ ‌Immune‌ ‌Conundrum
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Single-cell differentiation trajectories define early stages of a human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
    Aim: The aim of this article is to characterize in detail the γδ T lymphocytes from an adult patient with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of γδ s [...] Read more.
    Juan-Pablo Cerapio ... Jean-Jacques Fournie
    Published: April 15, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:185–199
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00044
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:816
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    Review
    Paradigms in HIV vaccine research
    Although a large number of preventative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials have been carried out during the last 30 years, it is remarkable that an effective HIV vaccine has not yet b [...] Read more.
    Marc H.V. Van Regenmortel
    Published: March 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:180–184
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00043
    This article belongs to the special issue Old and New Paradigms in Viral Vaccinology
    View:657
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    Review
    Augmenting human gamma delta lymphocytes for cancer therapy with chimeric antigen receptors
    Gamma delta lymphocytes (γδ T) sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They have the capacity to recognize cancer cells by interaction of their surface receptors with an array of cancer cell surface target ant [...] Read more.
    Gabrielle M. Ferry, John Anderson
    Published: March 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:168–179
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00042
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:751
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    Review
    The role of γδ T cells in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation
    Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is currently the only curative approach for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. In the early transplant era, the intent of this treatment was to a [...] Read more.
    Rupert Handgretinger ... Manon Queudeville
    Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:157–167
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00041
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:693
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    Review
    High avidity of vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2: potential relevance for protective humoral immunity
    Avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is defined as its binding strength to its target antigen. As a consequence of affinity maturation of the IgG response, avidity is maturing as well. Therefore, acute [...] Read more.
    Georg Bauer
    Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:133–156
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00040
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1080
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    Review
    Novel insights based on the plasticity of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment
    γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can reco [...] Read more.
    Yue Wang ... Wei He
    Published: February 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:98–132
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00039
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:1012
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    Review
    γδ T cell costimulatory ligands in antitumor immunity
    Antitumor immunity relies on the ability of T cells to recognize and kill tumor targets. γδ T cells are a specialized subset of T cells that predominantly localizes to non-ly [...] Read more.
    Joseph M. McGraw, Deborah A. Witherden
    Published: February 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:79–97
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00038
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:922
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    Review
    Tumor-associated protein ligands recognized by human γδ T cell receptor and their implications in cancer therapy
    In recent years, immunologists have been working to utilize the functional mechanism of the immune system to research new tumor treatment methods and achieved a major breakthrough in 2013, which was [...] Read more.
    Chang Liu ... Wei He
    Published: February 22, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:64–78
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00037
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:761
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    Review
    The microbiota is a potential mediator of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and tumors
    γδ T cells are one of the immune cell types that express antigen receptors. γδ T cells are able to recognize pathogens or cancer cells independently o [...] Read more.
    Huidi Wang ... Jia Yin
    Published: February 18, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:48–63
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00036
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    Open Access
    Review
    γδT cells: alternative treasure in antitumor immunity
    In recent decades, abundant methods for targeted tumor cell immunotherapy have been developed. It was recently discovered that excellent curative effects observed in hematological tumors cannot be achieved in solid tumors, as seri [...] Read more.
    Xiangjin Zhang ... Wei He
    Published: February 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:32–47
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00035
    This article belongs to the special issue Interplay of γδ T cells and Tumor Cells
    View:722
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    Perspective
    Endometriosis and autoimmunity
    Endometriosis is an inflammatory oestrogen-dependent chronic disease and is mainly expressed by pain and increased infertility. Several studies showed an increased prevalence of autoimmune systemic  [...] Read more.
    Noémie Abisror ... Arsene Mekinian
    Published: February 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:25–31
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00034
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:596
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    Review
    Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?
    A few pieces of research exist about the protective titer against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2) in monkeys and humans in which the protection could be sh [...] Read more.
    Yoanna Slabakova ... Tsvetelina Velikova
    Published: February 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:9–24
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00033
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    Open Access
    Perspective
    Fertility and COVID-19 vaccination
    One of the most troubling developments of 2021 has been the number of fertile-age women who have been led to believe that mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019  [...] Read more.
    Iosif M. Gershteyn
    Published: February 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:1–8
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00032
    View:823
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    Review
    Pregnancy depends on a delicate balance of immune activation and regulation
    It is well recognized that immune tolerance is important to prevent semiallografted fetuses from rejection by maternal immunocompetent cells; however, immune activation also plays an important role  [...] Read more.
    Shigeru Saito ... Sayaka Tsuda
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:461–478
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00031
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:776
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    Review
    State-of-the-art preclinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine candidates
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) results from the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and primarily affects the respiratory tissue. Since first reported  [...] Read more.
    Devlina Ghosh ... Abhishek Saxena
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:440–460
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00030
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1043
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    Review
    New variants of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine immune response and the Brazilian reality
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic β-coronavirus, is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which gave rise to a diffi [...] Read more.
    Marileia Chaves Andrade ... Hellen Oliveira Rosa
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:432–439
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00029
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:601
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    Review
    Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases
    Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim [...] Read more.
    Xinhui Ni, Yuping Lai
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:418–431
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00028
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:1175
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    Open Access
    Review
    Progesterone induced blocking factor in health and disease
    The foetus expressing paternal antigens ought to be “rejected” by the maternal immune system. However, the immunological relationship of the mother and the foetus does not follow the rules of transplantation immunology. Matern [...] Read more.
    Julia Szekeres-Bartho
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:406–417
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00027
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    Open Access
    Review
    A unique vaccine for birth control and treatment of advanced stage cancers secreting ectopically human chorionic gonadotropin
    This article is a tribute and homage to Gerard Chaouat who invited me to contribute this article. My years in France have remained very memorable to me. Reviewed briefly is the vaccine that was made [...] Read more.
    Gursaran P. Talwar ... Krishna M. Ella
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:398–405
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00026
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:1157
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    Review
    Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronaviru [...] Read more.
    Swapan K. Chatterjee ... Maria Nilda M. Munoz
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:374–397
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00025
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1733
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    Review
    Vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infections
    Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most effective tools to curb the pandemic. Multiple vaccine candidates based on different platforms are available for emergency  [...] Read more.
    Mandeep Garg ... Suruchi Garg
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:356–373
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00024
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:877
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    Review
    COVID-19 vaccine and immune response
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; βCoV), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes severe lower respiratory tract infections and acute  [...] Read more.
    Sevilay Hintistan, Hatice Demirağ
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:341–355
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00023
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1908
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    Review
    Preeclampsia—an immune disease? An epidemiologic narrative
    The maternal syndrome preeclampsia is triggered by syncytiotrophoblast (STB) stress; the heterogeneity of the syndrome is caused by the different pathways leading to this STB stress. Inflammation pl [...] Read more.
    Gustaaf Albert Dekker, Pierre Yves Robillard
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:325–340
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00022
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:816
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    Review
    Immunoregulation in the testis and its implication in fertility and infections
    The testis is designated as one of the immune previleged sites in the body and harbours a unique immunoregulatory environment, which is important for preventing an immune response against sperm anti [...] Read more.
    Kushaan Khambata ... Satish K. Gupta
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:309–324
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00021
    This article belongs to the special issue Human Reproduction: Involvement of the Immune System
    View:1243
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    Review
    Viral vector-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
    Viral vectors have been frequently applied for vaccine development. It has also been the case for vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to tackle the coronavi [...] Read more.
    Kenneth Lundstrom
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:295–308
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00020
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:2976
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    Review
    Skin and immune cells crosstalk via circadian regulations
    Both innate and adaptive immune cells exist in the skin, predominantly in the dermis layer. Recent studies have focused on how and which circadian rhythms contribute to maintain good health. Over re [...] Read more.
    Kanami Orihara
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:285–294
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00019
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:1480
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    Open Access
    Original Article
    The two faces of mast cells in vitiligo pathogenesis
    Aim: Previously, we reported increased number of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in vitiligo. However, in our recent study, tryptase and interleukin (IL)17 double positive cells which identified by polycl [...] Read more.
    Ichiro Katayama ... Mari Wataya-Kaneda
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:269–284
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00018
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:1011
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    Original Article
    Serum profiles of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites in psoriasis
    Aim: Chronic inflammation is closely associated with tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway. However, TRP-KYN pathway has not been fully elucidated in psoriasis, a systemic inflammator [...] Read more.
    Mariko Seishima ... Kuniaki Saito
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:258–268
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00017
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19
    There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani [...] Read more.
    Eknath D. Ahire, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:243–257
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00016
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:2709
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    Review
    Macrophages and fibroblasts underpin skin immune responses
    There are various types of skin immune responses including inflammatory skin diseases and skin malignancy. Macrophages and fibroblasts are skin resident cells that had been overlooked in terms of im [...] Read more.
    Makoto Sugaya
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:226–242
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00015
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:1619
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    Review
    The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal
    Understanding the interactions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with humans is deeply grounded in immunology, from the diagnosis to pathogenesis, from the clinical pre [...] Read more.
    Eduardo Tosta
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:199–225
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00014
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1696
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    Review
    Immunosuppressive microenvironment in oral cancer: implications for cancer immunotherapy
    Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a relatively widespread cancer with high mortality rates. Many patients with locally advanced disease are treated with combinations of surgery, radia [...] Read more.
    Shalini K. Sureshbabu ... Shubhada V. Chiplunkar
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:166–198
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00013
    View:1582
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    Original Article
    Conserved envelope protein of nCoV2 as the possible target to design polytope vaccine
    Aim: The envelope protein of novel coronavirus 2 (nCoV2) was reported to be highly conserved compared to its spike (S) protein which was shown to undergo several alterations in their amino acid seq [...] Read more.
    Krupanidhi Sreerama
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:155–165
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00012
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1068
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    Review
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 targeted antibodies cocktail and B cell receptor interplay: interventions to trigger vaccine development
    Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 spread globally and creates an alarming situation. Following the SARS-CoV-2 paradigm, therape [...] Read more.
    Kabeer Haneef ... Zainab Fatima
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:140–154
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00011
    This article belongs to the special issue Vaccine-induced Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections
    View:1277
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    Review
    Interplay between mesenchymal stromal cells and immune system: clinical applications in immune-related diseases
    Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a mesodermal stem cell population, with known self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties. In the last century, MSCs have been widely used in regene [...] Read more.
    Panagiotis Mallis ... Catherine Stavropoulos Giokas
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:112–139
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00010
    View:2394
    Download:70
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    Review
    Vitamin D and immunomodulation in the skin: a useful affirmative nexus
    Skin is the largest organ of the body having multifunctional activities. It has a dynamic cellular network with unique immunologic properties to maintain defensive actions, photoprotection, immune r [...] Read more.
    Saptadip Samanta
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:90–111
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00009
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:2097
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    Review
    L-arginine as a novel target for clinical intervention in inflammatory bowel disease
    Arginase-1 (Arg1) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) compete for the common substrate L-arginine, semi-essential amino acid, and central intestinal metabolite. Both enzymes exhibit var [...] Read more.
    Björn Nüse, Jochen Mattner
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:80–89
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00008
    View:1788
    Download:79
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    Review
    Immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: evolving knowledge and its current status
    As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is a new virus, the current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of this newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is beginning to unravel with intens [...] Read more.
    Nitin Saksena ... Monica Miranda-Saksena
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:61–79
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00007
    View:1740
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    Review
    Immunology of biodegradable nanoparticles: a brief overview on a wide growing field
    Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a nov [...] Read more.
    Anissa Pisani, Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:48–60
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00006
    View:2842
    Download:166
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    Review
    Interleukin-22 and keratinocytes; pathogenic implications in skin inflammation
    Interleukin (IL)-22 is produced from immune cells such as T helper (Th)22 cells, Th17/22 cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. IL-22 signals via the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and the IL-10 rece [...] Read more.
    Masutaka Furue, Mihoko Furue
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:37–47
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00005
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:2138
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    Open Access
    Original Article
    Correlation of N-glycan dynamics and interaction network with allosteric antigen binding and Fc receptor recognition
    Aim: Fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycans modulate Fc conformations and functions, and glycan may also regulate antigen recognition. In the antibody drug development, glycosylation patterns affect a [...] Read more.
    Buyong Ma
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:27–36
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00004
    View:1097
    Download:29
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    Original Article
    In silico investigation of binding affinities between human leukocyte antigen class I molecules and SARS-CoV-2 virus spike and ORF1ab proteins
    Aim: The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019, a global pandemic. There is hence an urgent need for effective approaches to [...] Read more.
    Spyros A. Charonis ... Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:16–26
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00003
    View:1785
    Download:47
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    Review
    The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis
    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier disruption, type 2 immune dysregulation, chronic pruritus, and abnormal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Tapinarof, an aryl  [...] Read more.
    Yen Hai Vu ... Gaku Tsuji
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:4–15
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00002
    This article belongs to the special issue Cross Talk Among Skin Cells and Immune Cells
    View:4174
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    Editorial
    Exploration of Immunology: challenging knowledge, developing curiosity and transforming passion into discovery
    Dominique J Charron, Reem Al-Daccak
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:1–3
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00001
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