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    Localization in vesicles, clusters and supramolecular complexes as key elements of LAT function
    Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a central adaptor protein in proximal T cell activation. A key element of its adaptor function is the efficiency with which LAT interacts with its binding p...
    Laura E. McMillan, Christoph Wülfing
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00094
    Viewed:118
    Downloaded:17
    Open Access
    Review
    Mesenchymal stem cells—the master immunomodulators
    Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are known as multipotent cells due to their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages of mesoderm origin. Recent developments in stem cell biology hav...
    Mehak Vohra, Sunil K. Arora
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00092
    Viewed:165
    Downloaded:15
    Open Access
    Review
    Chemokine-targeted nanoparticles: stimulation of the immune system in cancer immunotherapy
    Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy are potential therapeutic choices for many malignant and metastatic cancers. Despite adverse side effects and pain, surgery and chemothera...
    Ranjeet Singh ... Partha Pratim Manna
    Published: April 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00093
    Viewed:243
    Downloaded:19
    Open Access
    Review
    Role of Vav1, a hematopoietic signal transduction molecule, as an adaptor protein in health and disease
    The growth and differentiation of normal cells are controlled by protein-tyrosine kinases, which serve as receptors for a wide variety of external signals. Small protein modules called Src homology ...
    Shulamit Katzav
    Published: April 28, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00095
    Viewed:153
    Downloaded:22
    Open Access
    Review
    Beyond MHC binding: immunogenicity prediction tools to refine neoantigen selection in cancer patients
    In the last years, multiple efforts have been made to accurately predict neoantigens derived from somatic mutations in cancer patients, either to develop personalized therapeutic vaccines or to stud...
    Ibel Carri ... María Marcela Barrio
    Published: April 25, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00091
    Viewed:279
    Downloaded:22
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    Review
    Inflammasomes driven inflammation in lung cancer revisited: a short review
    Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The main risk factor for lung cancer is exposure to chemicals present in cigarettes and atmospheric pollutants, which, among othe...
    Vitor Rodrigues da Costa ... Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
    Published: March 14, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00090
    Viewed:340
    Downloaded:43
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    Review
    SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway in the lung: a review
    The infection of COVID-19 is directly linked to the destruction of lung epithelial cells, and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS...
    Gislei F. Aragão ... Sara Lívia M. Teixeira
    Published: February 28, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00089
    Viewed:325
    Downloaded:29
    Open Access
    Review
    Role of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 in B- and T-lymphocytes
    Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of intracellular signaling adaptors that associate with the cytoplasmic tails of a diverse range of lymphocyte receptors...
    Mari Hikosaka Kuniishi ... Takanori So
    Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00088
    Viewed:220
    Downloaded:17
    Open Access
    Review
    Innate immune cell and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 interaction
    Coronavirus disease caused by the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major public health that has submerged the world into a crisis unpreceden...
    Naima G. Cortes-Perez
    Published: February 26, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00087
    Viewed:194
    Downloaded:9
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    Review
    Immunoinformatics and tick vaccinology
    Immunoinformatics is an emerging area focused on development and applications of methods used to facilitate vaccine development. There is a growing interest in the field of vaccinology cente...
    Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz ... Fernando Rosario-Domínguez
    Published: February 24, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00085
    Viewed:331
    Downloaded:25
    Open Access
    Review
    Cytomegalovirus at the crossroads of immunosenescence and oncogenesis
    Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), whose genome is around 235 kb, is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that infects between 40% and 95% of the population. Though HCMV infection is co...
    Fidaa Bouezzedine ... Georges Herbein
    Published: February 24, 2023 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2023.00086
    Viewed:232
    Downloaded:15
    Open Access
    Review
    Incursions by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 on the host anti-viral immunity during mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease 2019 disease
    The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the human host can lead to various clinical manifestations, from symptomless carriers to mild to moderate to severe/critical illness. Therefore, the clinical classification of SARS-CoV-2 disease, based on severity, is a reliable way to predict disease states in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recent studies on genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and immunogenomics, along with spatial analysis of immune cells have delineated and defined the categorization of these disease groups using these high throughout technologies. These technologies hold the promise of providing not only a detailed but a holistic view of SARS-CoV-2-led pathogenesis. The main genomic, cellular, and immunologic features of each disease category, and what separates them spatially and molecularly are discussed in this brief review to provide a foundational spatial understanding of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathogenesis....
    Nitin Saksena ... Thyago H. Cardoso
    Published: December 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00084
    Viewed:411
    Downloaded:42
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    Original Article
    The synergistic effects of the constant region and variable heavy chain families of multimeric immunoglobulin M on its interaction with Fc-mu receptor and antigen
    Aim: As the primary response antibody with increasing use as a therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig) format, IgM is also the largest antibody structure among the five major human isotypes. Spontaneousl...
    Wei-Li Ling, Samuel Ken-En Gan
    Published: December 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00083
    Viewed:373
    Downloaded:33
    Open Access
    Review
    Signal-transducing adaptor protein-2 modulates T-cell functions
    Immune responses are orchestrated by controlling the initiation, magnitude, and duration of various signaling pathways. Adaptor proteins act as positive or negative regulators by targeting critical ...
    Tadashi Matsuda ... Kenji Oritani
    Published: December 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00082
    Viewed:404
    Downloaded:27
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    Review
    Role of tyrosine kinase 2 signals during progression of psoriasis
    Psoriasis is a skin disease characterized by scaly erythema, parakeratosis, and epidermal hyperplasia. Application of imiquimod (IMQ), a ligand for Toll-like receptor 7, produces a mouse model for psoriasis. IMQ application induces scaling, erythema, and thickness in skin lesions, and the symptoms are milder in interleukin-23 p19 (Il23p19)-deficient and Il17a-deficient mice than in wild-type mice;...
    Ryuta Muromoto ... Tadashi Matsuda
    Published: December 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00081
    Viewed:419
    Downloaded:27
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Distributing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) database in histocompatibility: a shift in HLA data governance
    Aim: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) population genetics has been a historical field centralizing data resource. HLA genetics databases typically facilitate access to frequencies of allele, haploty...
    Sirine Sayadi ... Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
    Published: November 01, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00080
    Viewed:545
    Downloaded:42
    Open Access
    Review
    Natural killer cell-mediated immunopathology in recurrent pregnancy losses
    Natural killer (NK) cells have a dual role in human reproduction for maternal-fetal tolerance and protection from infection. During the ovarian cycle and pregnancy, peripheral NK (pNK) and uterine N...
    Thanh Luu ... Joanne Kwak-Kim
    Published: October 30, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00077
    Viewed:581
    Downloaded:26
    Open Access
    Perspective
    Utilization of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens for microbiota characterization in cancer: utility and concern
    Microbiome research has enormous potential in cancer research and the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues could offer many advantages. The tumor microenvironment represents a suit...
    Leandro Di Gloria, Elena Niccolai
    Published: October 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00078
    Viewed:358
    Downloaded:20
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    Review
    Fight fire with fire: the need for a vaccine based on intrinsic disorder and structural flexibility
    The absence of advancement in finding efficient vaccines for several human viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) de...
    Vladimir N. Uversky
    Published: October 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00079
    Viewed:565
    Downloaded:50
    Open Access
    Review
    Do endometrial immune changes with age prior to menopause compromise fertility in women?
    Menopause signals the end of the reproductive period in women. However, fertility and fecundity decrease with increasing age prior to menopause demonstrating that changes in the premenopausal female...
    Mickey V. Patel ... Charles R. Wira
    Published: October 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00076
    Viewed:380
    Downloaded:17
    Open Access
    Review
    The progression of sepsis from physiologic systemic inflammatory response to immune dysregulation due to life-threatening infections
    Sepsis was defined in 1991 by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria which consisted mostly of physiologic responses to infection or inflammation (fever, tachycardia, tachypnea,...
    Nicholas Daering, Majdi N. Al-Hasan
    Published: October 25, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00075
    Viewed:392
    Downloaded:25
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a major public health concern causing devastating sociological, economic, and psychological damage to livelihood all over the world. The most intense...
    Basista Rabina Sharma, P. Veeranna Ravindra
    Published: September 21, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00074
    Viewed:571
    Downloaded:45
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    Review
    Chemokines and nanomaterials: interaction for useful immune-applications
    Chemokines are homeostatic or inflammatory small proteins regulating immune cell migration and are structurally characterized by cysteine disulfide bridges. Around 50 human chemokines binding almost...
    Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00073
    Viewed:655
    Downloaded:122
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    Review
    Vaccine induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: development and reactivity of anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies and immune pathogenic mechanisms
    In ultrarare cases, patients vaccinated with DNA adenovirus vector vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), develop a vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocy...
    Jean Amiral ... Gwenaëlle Renaud
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00071
    Viewed:508
    Downloaded:27
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    Review
    A non-redundant role of complement protein C1q in normal and adverse pregnancy
    Complement component 1q (C1q) is the recognition molecule of the classical pathway of the complement system that can bind to an array of closely spaced antigen-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM a...
    Chiara Agostinis ... Roberta Bulla
    Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00072
    Viewed:513
    Downloaded:42
    Open Access
    Perspective
    The human microbiome and the tumor microenvironment
    The human microbiome has emerged as an intriguing field of scientific research. Its role in human physiology impacts both health and disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabol...
    Joseph F. Murphy
    Published: August 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00069
    Viewed:648
    Downloaded:42
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    Review
    Understanding sepsis-induced immunosuppression and organ dysfunctions: from immunosuppression to immunotherapy
    Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by dysregulated host immune response to infection, leading to persistent inflammation followed by immunosuppression. Sepsis represents a substantial glo...
    Dablu Lal Gupta ... D. N. Rao
    Published: August 29, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00070
    Viewed:594
    Downloaded:37
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    Review
    Uterine natural killer cells and successful pregnancy: from mouse experiments to human physiology
    Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, a specific type of natural killer (NK) cells, are important cells at the foeto-maternal interface in humans as well as in mice. uNK cells are part of the innate l...
    Marijke M. Faas
    Published: August 25, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00065
    Viewed:388
    Downloaded:16
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    Review
    γδ T cells: a sparkling star for clinical immunotherapy
    Human γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that function in innate and adaptive immune responses and immunosurveillance. These cells show potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex unrestricted manner and have recently gained considerable attention as a sparkling star for clinical immunotherapy. Clinical immunotherapy trials with activated γδ T cells are tolerated well. However, clinical benefits are still unsatisfactory. Therefore, anti-tumor effects need to further increase the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells via several mechanisms, including the novel nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate products, adjuvant use with a bispecific antibody and chimeric antigen receptor, co-immunotherapy with γδ T cells plus immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive immunotherapy with Vδ1 T cells and T cells engineered to express a defined γδ T cell receptor. Here, this article describes the crucial role of γδ T cells in anti-tumor immunity, concludes transduction strategies and summarizes the different development of novel approaches for clinical applications and cancer immunotherapy, which may be effective in overcoming current therapeutic limitations. ...
    Jiamian Zheng ... Zhenyi Jin
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00066
    Viewed:465
    Downloaded:26
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    Review
    Contribution of immunology to build precision medicine in reproduction: present and future
    Infertility affects millions of people of reproductive age. The failure of a blastocyst to implant is a leading cause of psychological distress. It became increasingly evident that an effective immu...
    Alaa Kazhalawi ... Nathalie Lédée
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00067
    Viewed:376
    Downloaded:17
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    Perspective
    Immune network operations in COVID-19
    The immune system, whose nature lies in being a complex network of interactions, lends itself well to being represented and studied using graph theory. However, it should be noted that although the ...
    Javier Burgos-Salcedo
    Published: August 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00068
    Viewed:371
    Downloaded:8
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    Review
    Pathogenesis of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: the key role of beta 2 glycoprotein I
    Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by recurrent pregnancy morbidity and/or vascular thrombosis associated with the persistent presence of antibodies against anionic phospholipid-binding prot...
    Pier Luigi Meroni ... Francesco Tedesco
    Published: August 19, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00064
    Viewed:342
    Downloaded:21
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    Review
    Small molecules targeting endolysosomal acidification and signaling in sepsis and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19
    Sepsis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and its severe form coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represent the major medical challenges of the modern era. ...
    Markus Blaess ... Hans-Peter Deigner
    Published: August 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00063
    Viewed:670
    Downloaded:33
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    Review
    Endometriosis through an immunological lens: a pathophysiology based in immune dysregulation
    Endometriosis (EMS) is an inflammatory, gynaecologic disease characterized by the growth of endometrial tissues outside the uterus. With no satisfactory therapies or non-invasive diagnostics availab...
    Alison McCallion ... Chandrakant Tayade
    Published: July 26, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00062
    Viewed:607
    Downloaded:33
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    Review
    In COVID-19, antigen size lower or larger than 70 kDa modulates the sepsis and memory B cells
    This review pretends to shed light on the immune processes occurring in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from a perspective based on the antigens size, lower or larger than 70 kDa. This cutof...
    Francisco Javier Martín Oncina
    Published: July 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00061
    Viewed:620
    Downloaded:32
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    Review
    Advances in innate immune memory of macrophages
    Immunity is usually classified into two categories: innate immunity and adaptive immunity, distinguished by the process and characteristics of the immunological impact. It was widely assumed that on...
    Safir Ullah Khan, Munir Ullah Khan
    Published: June 28, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00060
    Viewed:893
    Downloaded:59
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    Review
    Cytokines and pregnancy complications: modulation for prevention and treatment
    “There is many a slip twist the cup and the lip” is a proverb that dates back to the 3rd century. This proverb comes to mind while writing a review on pregnancy loss; so many complications can occur between fertilization and development of the embryo through the long period of gestation until successful delivery of the baby. These include failure of implantation of the embryo, spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester, pre-eclampsia in the second trimester, premature rupture of fetal membranes, pre-term labour, and pre-term delivery. The maternal immune system which does a phenomenal job of protecting the host from a daunting variety of infections, sometimes also mounts adverse reactions that complicate pregnancy and endanger the fetus. Maternal immune reactions that can adversely affect pregnancy have been shown to be mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells, and by cytokines secreted by these cellular effectors. This review summarizes the deleterious effects of cytokines leading to recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and pre-term delivery, which are the major complications of pregnancy. It then goes on to discuss the potential use of progesterone and dydrogesterone, an orally-administered progestogen, as immunomodulatory molecules that can be considered for the prevention and/or treatment of these complications....
    Raj Raghupathy
    Published: June 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00059
    Viewed:672
    Downloaded:35
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    Review
    Polycystic ovary syndrome and immune deregulation: what do hormones want to say?
    Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequently observed endocrinopathies among women of reproductive age that redound to subfertility. The specific etiology of this heterogenic syndr...
    Betcy Susan Johnson, Malini Laloraya
    Published: June 27, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00058
    Viewed:854
    Downloaded:38
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    Protocol
    A multispectral immunohistochemistry panel to investigate γδ T cells and butyrophilin molecules in the tumour microenvironment
    Conventional immunohistochemistry methods though once fundamental for the individual staining of cell markers, have now been superseded by multispectral immunohistochemistry (mIHC). mIHC enables sim...
    Jessica Da Gama Duarte ... Andreas Behren
    Published: June 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00057
    Viewed:712
    Downloaded:33
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    Review
    Inviting regulatory T cells to pregnant endometrium: friends or foes in adverse pregnancy outcomes?
    Among decidual immune cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been unanimously recognized as central contributors to tolerance and maintenance of healthy pregnancy. Numerical and functional downregul...
    Shibin Cheng ... Surendra Sharma
    Published: June 13, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00056
    Viewed:483
    Downloaded:23
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    Review
    Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies
    Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies...
    Navdeep Jhita, Sunil S. Raikar
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00054
    Viewed:1176
    Downloaded:61
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    Review
    The influence of reproductive hormones on systemic lupus erythematosus
    Humans are afflicted by a wide spectrum of autoimmune disorders, ranging from those affecting just one or a few organs to those associated with more systemic effects. In most instances, the etiology...
    Ruchi Sachdeva, Rahul Pal
    Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00055
    Viewed:1051
    Downloaded:24
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    Review
    Sensing of viral lung infections by cGAS-STING
    Lower respiratory tract infections caused over 4 million deaths per year worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Viral respiratory infections often occur as rapidly spreading seasonal endemic...
    Lei Fang, Michael Roth
    Published: May 30, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00052
    Viewed:618
    Downloaded:30
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    Review
    Obesity and cancer: the gammadelta T cell link
    Obesity has become a worldwide scourge, affecting more than 10% of adults worldwide. While widely recognized to be associated with increased incidence of medical conditions such as diabe...
    Ilan Bank
    Published: May 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00053
    Viewed:611
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    Review
    Janus face of sepsis: a viewpoint
    Treatment of sepsis currently relies on eliminating the causal pathogen and supportive care, whereas almost no approaches to interfere with the defining event of a “dysregulated host response” are available. This review points to the striking correlation of two phenotypes of sepsis etiopathology with the concept of bipartite response patterns of higher organisms to microbial attacks. According to this concept, the phenotypes of sepsis can be interpreted as either resistance or tolerance responses to infection that got out of hand. This concept might allow focusing sepsis research and related patient studies on key conundrums of current sepsis research: how do resistance responses result in immunopathology and how can tolerance lead to systemic immunosuppression or even immunoparalysis? The heuristic vigor of these questions might inspire experimental efforts and clinical studies and ultimately advance the therapeutic armamentarium for sepsis care....
    Michael Bauer, Reinhard Wetzker
    Published: May 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00051
    Viewed:522
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    Review
    Therapeutic and prophylactic applications of self-replicating RNA viruses
    Self-replicating RNA viruses have been commonly used for preventive and therapeutic interventions in the fields of infectious diseases and cancers. Both RNA viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes ...
    Kenneth Lundstrom
    Published: May 18, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00050
    Viewed:870
    Downloaded:31
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    Review
    SARS-CoV-2: overview of immune response, insights into vaccine platforms and their challenges
    The crown-like shaped viruses known as coronaviruses which were first reported in the 1960’s have caused three epidemics in the past two decades namely, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in the latter half of December in Wuhan, a city of China, with people affected by deadly pneumonia with unknown etiology. Since then, the world has experienced two phases of virus spread with different symptoms and disease severity. This review embarks on the journey to investigate candidate molecules of this virus which can and are being investigated for various vaccine formulations and to discuss immunity developed against this virus....
    Balram Ji Omar ... Manju O. Pai
    Published: May 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00049
    Viewed:728
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    Review
    Mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its role in Alzheimer’s disease
    Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurological disease in the elderly, and the major manifestations are cognitive dysfunction, neuronal loss, and neuropathic lesions in the brain. In ...
    Xiaohan Gao ... Xueling Dai
    Published: May 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00048
    Viewed:881
    Downloaded:46
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    Perspective
    Anti-cancer γδ T lymphocytes: contradictory past and promising future
    Recent anti-cancer strategies are based on the stimulation of anti-tumor immune reaction, exploiting distinct lymphocyte subsets. Among them, γδ T cells represent optimal anti-cancer candidates, especially in those tissues where they are highly localized, such as the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. One important challenge has been the identification of stimulating drugs able to induce and maintain γδ T cell-mediated anti-cancer immune response. Amino-bisphosphonates (N-BPs) have been largely employed in anti-cancer clinical trials due to their ability to upregulate the accumulation of pyrophosphates that promote the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. This activation depends on the butyrophilin A family, which is crucial in contributing to Vγ9Vδ2 T cells stimulation but is not equally expressed in all cancer tissues. Thus, the clinical outcome of such treatments is still a challenge. In this viewpoint, a critical picture of γδ T cells as effective anti-cancer effectors is designed, with a specific focus on the best immune-stimulating therapeutic schemes involving this lymphocyte subset and the tools available to measure their efficacy and presence in tumor tissues. Some pre-clinical models, useful to measure γδ T cell anti-cancer potential and their response to stimulating drugs, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, or bispecific antibodies are described. Computerized imaging and digital pathology are also proposed as a help in the identification of co-stimulatory molecules and localization of γδ T cell effectors. Finally, two types of novel drug preparation are proposed: nanoparticles loaded with N-BPs and pro-drug formulations that enhance the effectiveness of γδ T lymphocyte stimulation....
    Alessandro Poggi, Maria Raffaella Zocchi
    Published: April 28, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00047
    Viewed:668
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    Review
    A proposed new paradigm for an anti-AIDS tolerogenic vaccine
    Until now, despite 30 years of intensive work, the RV144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial initiated in 2003 remains so far the most protective vaccine prototype of all those tested (...
    Christine Jacomet
    Published: April 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00046
    Viewed:673
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    Original Article
    Thymosin alpha 1 therapy alleviates organ dysfunction of sepsis patients: a retrospective cohort study
    Aim: Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is a promising treatment for the improvement of sepsis patients. Until now, its function in reducing acute organ damage of sepsis patients is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether Tα1 can alleviate organ dysfunction in sepsis patients....
    Fei Pei ... on behalf of the China Critical Care Immunotherapy Research Group
    Published: April 22, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00045
    Viewed:697
    Downloaded:39
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    Original Article
    Single-cell differentiation trajectories define early stages of a human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
    Aim: The aim of this article is to characterize in detail the γδ T lymphocytes from an adult patient with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of γδ s...
    Juan-Pablo Cerapio ... Jean-Jacques Fournie
    Published: April 15, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00044
    Viewed:816
    Downloaded:28
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    Review
    Paradigms in HIV vaccine research
    Although a large number of preventative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials have been carried out during the last 30 years, it is remarkable that an effective HIV vaccine has not yet b...
    Marc H.V. Van Regenmortel
    Published: March 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00043
    Viewed:657
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    Review
    Augmenting human gamma delta lymphocytes for cancer therapy with chimeric antigen receptors
    Gamma delta lymphocytes (γδ T) sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They have the capacity to recognize cancer cells by interaction of their surface receptors with an array of cancer cell surface target antigens. Interactions include the binding of γδ T cell receptors, the ligands for which are diverse and do not involve classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Moreover, a variety of natural killer-like and fragment crystallizable gamma (Fcγ) receptors confer additional cancer reactivity. Given this innate capacity to recognize and kill cancer cells, there appears less rationale for redirecting specific to cancer cell surface antigens through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expression. Several groups have however reported research findings that expression of CARs in γδ T cells can confer additional specificity or functionality. Though limited in number, these studies collectively identify the potential of CAR-T engineering to augment and fine tune anti-cancer responses. Together with the lack of graft versus host disease induced by allogeneic γδ T cells, these insights should encourage researchers to explore additional γδ T-CAR refinements for the development of off-the-shelf anti-cancer cell therapies. ...
    Gabrielle M. Ferry, John Anderson
    Published: March 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00042
    Viewed:751
    Downloaded:44
    Open Access
    Review
    High avidity of vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2: potential relevance for protective humoral immunity
    Avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is defined as its binding strength to its target antigen. As a consequence of affinity maturation of the IgG response, avidity is maturing as well. Therefore, acute...
    Georg Bauer
    Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00040
    Viewed:1080
    Downloaded:49
    Open Access
    Review
    The role of γδ T cells in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation
    Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is currently the only curative approach for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. In the early transplant era, the intent of this treatment was to a...
    Rupert Handgretinger ... Manon Queudeville
    Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00041
    Viewed:693
    Downloaded:37
    Open Access
    Review
    Novel insights based on the plasticity of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment
    γδ T cells express unique T cell receptor (TCR) γ and TCR δ chains, with structural and functional heterogeneity. Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner,...
    Yue Wang ... Wei He
    Published: February 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00039
    Viewed:1012
    Downloaded:71
    Open Access
    Review
    γδ T cell costimulatory ligands in antitumor immunity
    Antitumor immunity relies on the ability of T cells to recognize and kill tumor targets. γδ T cells are a specialized subset of T cells that predominantly localizes to non-ly...
    Joseph M. McGraw, Deborah A. Witherden
    Published: February 24, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00038
    Viewed:922
    Downloaded:59
    Open Access
    Review
    Tumor-associated protein ligands recognized by human γδ T cell receptor and their implications in cancer therapy
    In recent years, immunologists have been working to utilize the functional mechanism of the immune system to research new tumor treatment methods and achieved a major breakthrough in 2013, which was...
    Chang Liu ... Wei He
    Published: February 22, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00037
    Viewed:761
    Downloaded:37
    Open Access
    Review
    The microbiota is a potential mediator of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and tumors
    γδ T cells are one of the immune cell types that express antigen receptors. γδ T cells are able to recognize pathogens or cancer cells independently o...
    Huidi Wang ... Jia Yin
    Published: February 18, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00036
    Viewed:733
    Downloaded:30
    Open Access
    Perspective
    Endometriosis and autoimmunity
    Endometriosis is an inflammatory oestrogen-dependent chronic disease and is mainly expressed by pain and increased infertility. Several studies showed an increased prevalence of autoimmune systemic ...
    Noémie Abisror ... Arsene Mekinian
    Published: February 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00034
    Viewed:596
    Downloaded:23
    Open Access
    Review
    γδT cells: alternative treasure in antitumor immunity
    In recent decades, abundant methods for targeted tumor cell immunotherapy have been developed. It was recently discovered that excellent curative effects observed in hematological tumors cannot be achieved in solid tumors, as serious side effects will occur....
    Xiangjin Zhang ... Wei He
    Published: February 17, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00035
    Viewed:722
    Downloaded:35
    Open Access
    Perspective
    Fertility and COVID-19 vaccination
    One of the most troubling developments of 2021 has been the number of fertile-age women who have been led to believe that mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] can cause infertility via cross-reactivity of immune response. Specifically, cross-reactivity of developed antibodies to syncytin-1, a protein found in human cell fusion, placentation and recently identified in the envelope gene of a human endogenous defective retrovirus, HERV-W (see “Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis”. Nature.2000;403:785–9. doi: 10.1038/35001608). The mechanism, evidence, and evaluation of the claim is presented concluding in a rejection due to lack of evidence....
    Iosif M. Gershteyn
    Published: February 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00032
    Viewed:823
    Downloaded:29
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune titers of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: are we there yet?
    A few pieces of research exist about the protective titer against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2) in monkeys and humans in which the protection could be sh...
    Yoanna Slabakova ... Tsvetelina Velikova
    Published: February 11, 2022 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00033
    Viewed:947
    Downloaded:25
    Open Access
    Review
    Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases
    Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim...
    Xinhui Ni, Yuping Lai
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00028
    Viewed:1175
    Downloaded:101
    Open Access
    Review
    New variants of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine immune response and the Brazilian reality
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic β-coronavirus, is the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which gave rise to a diffi...
    Marileia Chaves Andrade ... Hellen Oliveira Rosa
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00029
    Viewed:601
    Downloaded:39
    Open Access
    Review
    State-of-the-art preclinical evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine candidates
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) results from the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and primarily affects the respiratory tissue. Since first reported ...
    Devlina Ghosh ... Abhishek Saxena
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00030
    Viewed:1043
    Downloaded:69
    Open Access
    Review
    Pregnancy depends on a delicate balance of immune activation and regulation
    It is well recognized that immune tolerance is important to prevent semiallografted fetuses from rejection by maternal immunocompetent cells; however, immune activation also plays an important role ...
    Shigeru Saito ... Sayaka Tsuda
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00031
    Viewed:776
    Downloaded:32
    Open Access
    Review
    Progesterone induced blocking factor in health and disease
    The foetus expressing paternal antigens ought to be “rejected” by the maternal immune system. However, the immunological relationship of the mother and the foetus does not follow the rules of transplantation immunology. Maternal immune functions are re-adjusted during pregnancy, to create a tolerant environment for the developing foetus. Progesterone and its downstream mediator; the progesterone induced blocking factor (PIBF) are important in this process. The mRNA transcribed from the PIBF1 gene contains 18 exons, and codes for a 90 kDa protein. The 90 kDa form is associated with the centrosome and plays a role in cell cycle regulation, while smaller isoforms produced by alternative spicing are secreted, and bind to the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored PIBF receptor. Upon ligation, the former forms a heterodimer with the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor and activates the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway, via which, PIBF induces increased production of T helper2 (Th2) cytokines. PIBF regulates natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity, by inhibiting perforin release from the cytoplasmic granules of NK cells. During normal human pregnancy, the serum concentrations of PIBF increase with gestational age, and lower than normal serum levels predict spontaneous pregnancy termination. Depletion of PIBF during the peri-implantation period in mice, results in lower implantation and increased resorption rates, together with increased decidual and peripheral NK activity, downregulation of the genes implicated in T cell activation in CD4+ cells, and Th1 differentiation of the T cells. PIBF is expressed in rapidly proliferating immature cells as well as several tumours, and regulates invasion. The PIBF gene has been identified in the chromosomal region 13q21-q22—which is a common site for somatic deletions in a variety of malignant tumours. These data suggest that PIBF might be involved in tumorigenesis...
    Julia Szekeres-Bartho
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00027
    Viewed:829
    Downloaded:44
    Open Access
    Review
    Activation of mucosal immunity and novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy in combating COVID-19
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerges as an expeditiously growing pandemic, in the human population caused by the highly transmissible RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronaviru...
    Swapan K. Chatterjee ... Maria Nilda M. Munoz
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00025
    Viewed:1733
    Downloaded:84
    Open Access
    Review
    A unique vaccine for birth control and treatment of advanced stage cancers secreting ectopically human chorionic gonadotropin
    This article is a tribute and homage to Gerard Chaouat who invited me to contribute this article. My years in France have remained very memorable to me. Reviewed briefly is the vaccine that was made...
    Gursaran P. Talwar ... Krishna M. Ella
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00026
    Viewed:1157
    Downloaded:30
    Open Access
    Review
    COVID-19 vaccine and immune response
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; βCoV), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes severe lower respiratory tract infections and acute ...
    Sevilay Hintistan, Hatice Demirağ
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00023
    Viewed:1904
    Downloaded:40
    Open Access
    Review
    Preeclampsia—an immune disease? An epidemiologic narrative
    The maternal syndrome preeclampsia is triggered by syncytiotrophoblast (STB) stress; the heterogeneity of the syndrome is caused by the different pathways leading to this STB stress. Inflammation pl...
    Gustaaf Albert Dekker, Pierre Yves Robillard
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00022
    Viewed:816
    Downloaded:26
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunoregulation in the testis and its implication in fertility and infections
    The testis is designated as one of the immune previleged sites in the body and harbours a unique immunoregulatory environment, which is important for preventing an immune response against sperm anti...
    Kushaan Khambata ... Satish K. Gupta
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00021
    Viewed:1243
    Downloaded:45
    Open Access
    Review
    Vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infections
    Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most effective tools to curb the pandemic. Multiple vaccine candidates based on different platforms are available for emergency ...
    Mandeep Garg ... Suruchi Garg
    Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00024
    Viewed:877
    Downloaded:28
    Open Access
    Review
    Viral vector-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
    Viral vectors have been frequently applied for vaccine development. It has also been the case for vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to tackle the coronavi...
    Kenneth Lundstrom
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00020
    Viewed:2975
    Downloaded:83
    Open Access
    Review
    Skin and immune cells crosstalk via circadian regulations
    Both innate and adaptive immune cells exist in the skin, predominantly in the dermis layer. Recent studies have focused on how and which circadian rhythms contribute to maintain good health. Over re...
    Kanami Orihara
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00019
    Viewed:1478
    Downloaded:107
    Open Access
    Original Article
    The two faces of mast cells in vitiligo pathogenesis
    Aim: Previously, we reported increased number of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in vitiligo. However, in our recent study, tryptase and interleukin (IL)17 double positive cells which identified by polycl...
    Ichiro Katayama ... Mari Wataya-Kaneda
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00018
    Viewed:1010
    Downloaded:64
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Serum profiles of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites in psoriasis
    Aim: Chronic inflammation is closely associated with tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway. However, TRP-KYN pathway has not been fully elucidated in psoriasis, a systemic inflammator...
    Mariko Seishima ... Kuniaki Saito
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00017
    Viewed:959
    Downloaded:49
    Open Access
    Review
    Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19
    There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani...
    Eknath D. Ahire, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar
    Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00016
    Viewed:2709
    Downloaded:108
    Open Access
    Review
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 targeted antibodies cocktail and B cell receptor interplay: interventions to trigger vaccine development
    Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 spread globally and creates an alarming situation. Following the SARS-CoV-2 paradigm, therape...
    Kabeer Haneef ... Zainab Fatima
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00011
    Viewed:1277
    Downloaded:68
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunosuppressive microenvironment in oral cancer: implications for cancer immunotherapy
    Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a relatively widespread cancer with high mortality rates. Many patients with locally advanced disease are treated with combinations of surgery, radia...
    Shalini K. Sureshbabu ... Shubhada V. Chiplunkar
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00013
    Viewed:1582
    Downloaded:92
    Open Access
    Review
    The protective immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination: a critical appraisal
    Understanding the interactions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with humans is deeply grounded in immunology, from the diagnosis to pathogenesis, from the clinical pre...
    Eduardo Tosta
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00014
    Viewed:1696
    Downloaded:52
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Conserved envelope protein of nCoV2 as the possible target to design polytope vaccine
    Aim: The envelope protein of novel coronavirus 2 (nCoV2) was reported to be highly conserved compared to its spike (S) protein which was shown to undergo several alterations in their amino acid seq...
    Krupanidhi Sreerama
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00012
    Viewed:1068
    Downloaded:24
    Open Access
    Review
    Macrophages and fibroblasts underpin skin immune responses
    There are various types of skin immune responses including inflammatory skin diseases and skin malignancy. Macrophages and fibroblasts are skin resident cells that had been overlooked in terms of im...
    Makoto Sugaya
    Published: August 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00015
    Viewed:1619
    Downloaded:102
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: evolving knowledge and its current status
    As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 is a new virus, the current knowledge on the immunopathogenesis of this newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 is beginning to unravel with intens...
    Nitin Saksena ... Monica Miranda-Saksena
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00007
    Viewed:1738
    Downloaded:69
    Open Access
    Review
    L-arginine as a novel target for clinical intervention in inflammatory bowel disease
    Arginase-1 (Arg1) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) compete for the common substrate L-arginine, semi-essential amino acid, and central intestinal metabolite. Both enzymes exhibit var...
    Björn Nüse, Jochen Mattner
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00008
    Viewed:1787
    Downloaded:79
    Open Access
    Review
    Vitamin D and immunomodulation in the skin: a useful affirmative nexus
    Skin is the largest organ of the body having multifunctional activities. It has a dynamic cellular network with unique immunologic properties to maintain defensive actions, photoprotection, immune r...
    Saptadip Samanta
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00009
    Viewed:2096
    Downloaded:76
    Open Access
    Review
    Interplay between mesenchymal stromal cells and immune system: clinical applications in immune-related diseases
    Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a mesodermal stem cell population, with known self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties. In the last century, MSCs have been widely used in regene...
    Panagiotis Mallis ... Catherine Stavropoulos Giokas
    Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00010
    Viewed:2392
    Downloaded:70
    Open Access
    Review
    Immunology of biodegradable nanoparticles: a brief overview on a wide growing field
    Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a nov...
    Anissa Pisani, Giuseppe Bardi
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00006
    Viewed:2842
    Downloaded:166
    Open Access
    Review
    Interleukin-22 and keratinocytes; pathogenic implications in skin inflammation
    Interleukin (IL)-22 is produced from immune cells such as T helper (Th)22 cells, Th17/22 cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. IL-22 signals via the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and the IL-10 rece...
    Masutaka Furue, Mihoko Furue
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00005
    Viewed:2138
    Downloaded:100
    Open Access
    Original Article
    Correlation of N-glycan dynamics and interaction network with allosteric antigen binding and Fc receptor recognition
    Aim: Fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycans modulate Fc conformations and functions, and glycan may also regulate antigen recognition. In the antibody drug development, glycosylation patterns affect a...
    Buyong Ma
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00004
    Viewed:1097
    Downloaded:29
    Open Access
    Original Article
    In silico investigation of binding affinities between human leukocyte antigen class I molecules and SARS-CoV-2 virus spike and ORF1ab proteins
    Aim: The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019, a global pandemic. There is hence an urgent need for effective approaches to...
    Spyros A. Charonis ... Apostolos P. Georgopoulos
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00003
    Viewed:1785
    Downloaded:47
    Open Access
    Review
    The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis
    Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier disruption, type 2 immune dysregulation, chronic pruritus, and abnormal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Tapinarof, an aryl ...
    Yen Hai Vu ... Gaku Tsuji
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00002
    Viewed:4174
    Downloaded:171
    Open Access
    Editorial
    Exploration of Immunology: challenging knowledge, developing curiosity and transforming passion into discovery
    Dominique J Charron, Reem Al-Daccak
    Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. DOI: 10.37349/ei.2021.00001
    Viewed:2556
    Downloaded:62