Previous
Aim:
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycans modulate
Methods:
Molecular dynamics simulations were used to generate con
Results:
Two important interaction patterns have been observed. The first is the strong but non-specific interactions between two carbohydrate chains in free antibody. Secondly, it has been found that N-glycans carbohydrate chains can directly interact with CH3 domain in free antibody, and that the distance distribution between carbohydrate chains and CH3 domain clearly differentiate the free antibody, antibody-antigen complex, antibody-hFcγRI complex, and final antibody-antigen-hFcγRI complex.
Conclusions:
N-glycans partially acts as allosteric sensor and respond to antigen and hFcγRI binding.
Aim:
Fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycans modulate
Methods:
Molecular dynamics simulations were used to generate con
Results:
Two important interaction patterns have been observed. The first is the strong but non-specific interactions between two carbohydrate chains in free antibody. Secondly, it has been found that N-glycans carbohydrate chains can directly interact with CH3 domain in free antibody, and that the distance distribution between carbohydrate chains and CH3 domain clearly differentiate the free antibody, antibody-antigen complex, antibody-hFcγRI complex, and final antibody-antigen-hFcγRI complex.
Conclusions:
N-glycans partially acts as allosteric sensor and respond to antigen and hFcγRI binding.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00004
Aim:
The present study aims to generate chimeric mouse single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) crystallizable fragment (Fc) antibody against disialoganglioside (GD2)
Methods:
Vector
Results:
Using plasmid fusion-human IgG1-Fc2 tag vector (pFUSE-hIgG1-Fc2), a plasmid vector encoding chimeric mouse scFv and hIgG1
Conclusions:
The results indicate that chimeric scFv-hIgG
Aim:
The present study aims to generate chimeric mouse single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) crystallizable fragment (Fc) antibody against disialoganglioside (GD2)
Methods:
Vector
Results:
Using plasmid fusion-human IgG1-Fc2 tag vector (pFUSE-hIgG1-Fc2), a plasmid vector encoding chimeric mouse scFv and hIgG1
Conclusions:
The results indicate that chimeric scFv-hIgG
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2023.00188
This article belongs to the special issue Novel Strategies and Targets for Immunotherapy of Cancer
Aim:
As the primary response antibody with increasing use as a therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig)
Methods:
Through a panel of 14 recombinant complementarity determining regions (CDRs)-grafted trastuzumab and pertuzumab VH1-7 IgMs subjected to bio-layer interferometry measurements, the interactions with the antigen human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), Fc-mu receptor (FcμR), and superantigen Protein L (PpL) were investigated.
Results:
Significant effects from the V-regions to mitigate FcμR binding and the IgM C-region bidirectional effect modulating Her2 antigen engagements at the V-regions were found. Additional modulatory effects from superantigen PpL binding on the V-region of the kappa chain (Vκ) mitigating antigen binding were also found, revealing possible novel mechanisms of antibody superantigens that can be moderated by the antibody VH frameworks.
Conclusions:
These findings show that the oligomerisation of IgMs plays a significant role in FcμR, antigen, and superantigen binding that made IgM distinct from the other antibody isotypes and how these features should be considered during further development and protein engineering of IgM therapeutics.
Aim:
As the primary response antibody with increasing use as a therapeutic immunoglobulin (Ig)
Methods:
Through a panel of 14 recombinant complementarity determining regions (CDRs)-grafted trastuzumab and pertuzumab VH1-7 IgMs subjected to bio-layer interferometry measurements, the interactions with the antigen human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), Fc-mu receptor (FcμR), and superantigen Protein L (PpL) were investigated.
Results:
Significant effects from the V-regions to mitigate FcμR binding and the IgM C-region bidirectional effect modulating Her2 antigen engagements at the V-regions were found. Additional modulatory effects from superantigen PpL binding on the V-region of the kappa chain (Vκ) mitigating antigen binding were also found, revealing possible novel mechanisms of antibody superantigens that can be moderated by the antibody VH frameworks.
Conclusions:
These findings show that the oligomerisation of IgMs plays a significant role in FcμR, antigen, and superantigen binding that made IgM distinct from the other antibody isotypes and how these features should be considered during further development and protein engineering of IgM therapeutics.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00083
Aim:
The clinical symptoms of autoantibody (AAb)-mediated autoimmune diseases (AID) usually correlate with the AAb-titer. Immunoglobulins (Igs) of the IgG type are actively recycled by the neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn). The most common Ig type of AAb is IgG. This explorative study evaluates the safety and tolerability of a fully human anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody (mAb) in patients with thyroid autoimmunity (TA).
Methods:
Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were documented and coded according to the standardized Medical Dictionary
Results:
Of 31 patients with TA, 19 were administered the anti-FcRn mAb subcutaneously once weekly
Conclusions:
The anti-FcRn mAb is a safe and well-tolerated therapy
Aim:
The clinical symptoms of autoantibody (AAb)-mediated autoimmune diseases (AID) usually correlate with the AAb-titer. Immunoglobulins (Igs) of the IgG type are actively recycled by the neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn). The most common Ig type of AAb is IgG. This explorative study evaluates the safety and tolerability of a fully human anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody (mAb) in patients with thyroid autoimmunity (TA).
Methods:
Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were documented and coded according to the standardized Medical Dictionary
Results:
Of 31 patients with TA, 19 were administered the anti-FcRn mAb subcutaneously once weekly
Conclusions:
The anti-FcRn mAb is a safe and well-tolerated therapy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00145
Aim:
Although polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is more hydrophobic than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in fluorocarbon polymer (FCP) membrane filters, it has been reported that the rate of amyloid fibril
Methods:
Heat-treated insulin (INS) was adsorbed onto the FCP membrane filters. Gaussian integrals were employed to determine the amounts of β-sheet and their abundance ratios by curve fitting of attenuated total reflection Fourier trans
Results:
Adsorbed heat-treated INS onto the FCP membrane filters showed a β-sheet
Conclusions:
The results regarding the rate and strength of amyloid fibril
Aim:
Although polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is more hydrophobic than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in fluorocarbon polymer (FCP) membrane filters, it has been reported that the rate of amyloid fibril
Methods:
Heat-treated insulin (INS) was adsorbed onto the FCP membrane filters. Gaussian integrals were employed to determine the amounts of β-sheet and their abundance ratios by curve fitting of attenuated total reflection Fourier trans
Results:
Adsorbed heat-treated INS onto the FCP membrane filters showed a β-sheet
Conclusions:
The results regarding the rate and strength of amyloid fibril
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2026.101357
Aims:
Reduced pre-operative cognitive functioning in older adults is a risk factor
Methods:
Results:
Above and beyond age, education, ASA physical status classification score, and frailty, only digitally-acquired CDT copy per
Conclusions:
Digital variables from clock copy condition provided predictive value over common demographic and comorbidity variables. We hypothesize this is due to the sensitivity of the copy condition to executive dysfunction, as has been shown in previous studies
Aims:
Reduced pre-operative cognitive functioning in older adults is a risk factor
Methods:
Results:
Above and beyond age, education, ASA physical status classification score, and frailty, only digitally-acquired CDT copy per
Conclusions:
Digital variables from clock copy condition provided predictive value over common demographic and comorbidity variables. We hypothesize this is due to the sensitivity of the copy condition to executive dysfunction, as has been shown in previous studies
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2021.00036
This article belongs to the special issue Digital Biomarkers: The New Frontier for Medicine and Research
Aim:
In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), tumor heterogeneity generated challenges to biomarker development and therapeutic management, often becoming responsible
Methods:
The RIVELATOR study was a monocenter retrospective analysis of biological samples from 25 cases of primary RCC and their paired pulmonary metastases. The biomarkers analyzed included MET, mTOR, PD-1/PD-L1 pathways and the immune context.
Results:
High multi-level heterogeneity was demonstrated. MET was the most reliable biomarker, with the lowest intratumor heterogeneity: the positive mutual correlation between MET expression in primary tumors and their metastases had a significantly proportional intensity (P = 0.038). The intratumor heterogeneity grade was significantly higher
Conclusions:
In mRCC, multiple and multi-level assays of potentially predictive biomarkers are needed
Aim:
In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), tumor heterogeneity generated challenges to biomarker development and therapeutic management, often becoming responsible
Methods:
The RIVELATOR study was a monocenter retrospective analysis of biological samples from 25 cases of primary RCC and their paired pulmonary metastases. The biomarkers analyzed included MET, mTOR, PD-1/PD-L1 pathways and the immune context.
Results:
High multi-level heterogeneity was demonstrated. MET was the most reliable biomarker, with the lowest intratumor heterogeneity: the positive mutual correlation between MET expression in primary tumors and their metastases had a significantly proportional intensity (P = 0.038). The intratumor heterogeneity grade was significantly higher
Conclusions:
In mRCC, multiple and multi-level assays of potentially predictive biomarkers are needed
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2023.00165
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Eosinophilic inflammation is described as a common endotype. The anti-interleukin-5 (IL-5) antibody mepolizumab was approved in November 2021 as an add-on therapy to intranasal glucocorticosteroids
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Eosinophilic inflammation is described as a common endotype. The anti-interleukin-5 (IL-5) antibody mepolizumab was approved in November 2021 as an add-on therapy to intranasal glucocorticosteroids
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eaa.2024.00027
This article belongs to the special issue Update on Chronic RhinoSinusitis
Aim:
Enteral nutrition (EN) improves patient health. However, the use of fresh produce may increase the risk of parasitic contamination. Recovery of para
Methods:
Two homemade enteral preparations (HEP) with mixed raw fresh fruits or vegetables were produced and artificially contaminated with two doses of Ascaris suum eggs (1 = 207 and 2 = 76 eggs). HEP 1 contained cabbage, orange juice, lettuce, watercress, and filtered water, while HEP 2 consisted of strawberries and filtered water. To estimate the egg recovery rate, four protocols per preparation/dose were analyzed in triplicate (48 trials total). The following variables were evaluated: homogenization (manual or using a magnetic stirrer) and dispersion solution (1 M glycine, pH 5.5 or 0.1% Alconox®). All protocols shared the following steps: sedimentation, centrifugation, and total sediment analysis.
Results:
The highest recovery efficiency
Conclusions:
This is the first study to standardize and measure the detection sensitivity of a methodology
Aim:
Enteral nutrition (EN) improves patient health. However, the use of fresh produce may increase the risk of parasitic contamination. Recovery of para
Methods:
Two homemade enteral preparations (HEP) with mixed raw fresh fruits or vegetables were produced and artificially contaminated with two doses of Ascaris suum eggs (1 = 207 and 2 = 76 eggs). HEP 1 contained cabbage, orange juice, lettuce, watercress, and filtered water, while HEP 2 consisted of strawberries and filtered water. To estimate the egg recovery rate, four protocols per preparation/dose were analyzed in triplicate (48 trials total). The following variables were evaluated: homogenization (manual or using a magnetic stirrer) and dispersion solution (1 M glycine, pH 5.5 or 0.1% Alconox®). All protocols shared the following steps: sedimentation, centrifugation, and total sediment analysis.
Results:
The highest recovery efficiency
Conclusions:
This is the first study to standardize and measure the detection sensitivity of a methodology
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eff.2026.1010133
Aim:
The role of tumor burden (TB)
Methods:
Sixty-five consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy as first or second line therapy were retrospectively analyzed between August 2015 and February 2018. TB was recorded at baseline considering
Results:
Median age was 70 years and most patients (86.2%) had a good per
Conclusions:
This study underlines the negative prognostic impact of specific metastatic
Aim:
The role of tumor burden (TB)
Methods:
Sixty-five consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy as first or second line therapy were retrospectively analyzed between August 2015 and February 2018. TB was recorded at baseline considering
Results:
Median age was 70 years and most patients (86.2%) had a good per
Conclusions:
This study underlines the negative prognostic impact of specific metastatic
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2021.00043
This article belongs to the special issue Immunotherapy in Cancer Patients
Steroid use is a widely accepted practice
Steroid use is a widely accepted practice
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2022.00106
Aim:
To determine temporal changes in the frequency of asthma and mental illness in Cali
Methods:
Public-use, all-payer ED data from non-federal, acute-care hospitals (2005–2014) were obtained
Results:
During 2005–2014 there were 96,180,176
Conclusions:
Increased co-occurring mental illness among asthma-related ED
Aim:
To determine temporal changes in the frequency of asthma and mental illness in Cali
Methods:
Public-use, all-payer ED data from non-federal, acute-care hospitals (2005–2014) were obtained
Results:
During 2005–2014 there were 96,180,176
Conclusions:
Increased co-occurring mental illness among asthma-related ED
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eaa.2024.00064
This article belongs to the special issue Asthma and its Relationship with Psychological and Psychopathological Factors
Mitochondria are present in all mammalian cells except matured red blood cells. Mitochondria consist of several metabolic pathways
Mitochondria are present in all mammalian cells except matured red blood cells. Mitochondria consist of several metabolic pathways
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/edd.2024.00039
This article belongs to the special issue Mitochondria and Lipid Signalling in Liver Diseases
Aim:
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, emphasising the need
Methods:
Trans
Results:
Seg
Conclusions:
DeepPolyp enables systematic evaluation of polyp segmentation models, assisting in selecting models based on both per
Aim:
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, emphasising the need
Methods:
Trans
Results:
Seg
Conclusions:
DeepPolyp enables systematic evaluation of polyp segmentation models, assisting in selecting models based on both per
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/edht.2025.101158
This article belongs to the special issue Deep Learning Methods and Applications for Biomedical Imaging
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline alterations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes leading to increased risk of colon cancer as well as other cancer types. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not among typical Lynch syndrome-associated tumors: pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, is actually approved
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline alterations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes leading to increased risk of colon cancer as well as other cancer types. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not among typical Lynch syndrome-associated tumors: pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, is actually approved
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2021.00044
Aim:
The aim of this paper is to discuss the main features and first outcomes of a therapeutic plat
Methods:
The proposal is a three-layer system composed by a new portable therapy device and two software applications. The therapy is transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation, known as tVNS. The primary layer is composed of tVNS devices, configured
Results:
A version of the proposed system is running at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. The sensitivity of the therapeutic device with the proposed treatment protocol reaches 83.33% in the 18-patient pilot trial carried out.
Conclusions:
The proposed approach seems a useful therapeutic tool based on the pilot trial outcomes. The developed device is com
Aim:
The aim of this paper is to discuss the main features and first outcomes of a therapeutic plat
Methods:
The proposal is a three-layer system composed by a new portable therapy device and two software applications. The therapy is transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation, known as tVNS. The primary layer is composed of tVNS devices, configured
Results:
A version of the proposed system is running at the Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery. The sensitivity of the therapeutic device with the proposed treatment protocol reaches 83.33% in the 18-patient pilot trial carried out.
Conclusions:
The proposed approach seems a useful therapeutic tool based on the pilot trial outcomes. The developed device is com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2024.00041
This article belongs to the special issue Epilepsy
Aim:
Early and accurate diagnosis of brain tumors is critical
Methods:
We systematically compared the per
Results:
All evaluated models demonstrated high accuracy (> 98.8%). The Swin-Small and Swin-Large models achieved the highest accuracy of 99.37%. Remarkably, Swin-Small delivered this top-tier per
Conclusions:
The largest model does not inherently guarantee the best per
Aim:
Early and accurate diagnosis of brain tumors is critical
Methods:
We systematically compared the per
Results:
All evaluated models demonstrated high accuracy (> 98.8%). The Swin-Small and Swin-Large models achieved the highest accuracy of 99.37%. Remarkably, Swin-Small delivered this top-tier per
Conclusions:
The largest model does not inherently guarantee the best per
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2025.1001377
This article belongs to the special issue Artificial Intelligence in Precision Imaging: Innovations Shaping the Future of Clinical Diagnostics
Aim:
This study discloses the synthesis and the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of four molecules of structural basis saccharin-thiadiazolyl (4), saccharin-pyridyl (6, 8), and tetrazole-thiadiazolyl (11).
Methods:
Antimicrobial properties of the molecules were evaluated by the well-diffusion method, against Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607], Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2601 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231) strains. The anticancer activity of the compounds was assessed through i) proliferation assays
Results:
Compound 11 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, with the further molecules demonstrating some inhibitory potential against all the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and yeast strains. Similarly, derivative 11 showed an interesting antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT116), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and melanoma (A375) cells, with 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values varying from 3.55 µmol/L to 11.5 µmol/L, in the same order of magnitude of those shown by etoposide. Treatment of brain-like glioblastoma cells (U87) with 11, at the concentration of 100 µg/mL, induced a decrease in cell viability by 50% after 48 h and 72 h. Besides, results attained
Conclusions:
This investigation reveals the potential of distinct azole-based conjugates, in particular the tetrazole-thiadiazolyl (11) derivative, as scaffolds worth further investigations, in the frame of antimicrobial and antineoplastic chemotherapy.
Aim:
This study discloses the synthesis and the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of four molecules of structural basis saccharin-thiadiazolyl (4), saccharin-pyridyl (6, 8), and tetrazole-thiadiazolyl (11).
Methods:
Antimicrobial properties of the molecules were evaluated by the well-diffusion method, against Gram-positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607], Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2601 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231) strains. The anticancer activity of the compounds was assessed through i) proliferation assays
Results:
Compound 11 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, with the further molecules demonstrating some inhibitory potential against all the tested Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and yeast strains. Similarly, derivative 11 showed an interesting antiproliferative activity against human colon adenocarcinoma (HCT116), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and melanoma (A375) cells, with 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values varying from 3.55 µmol/L to 11.5 µmol/L, in the same order of magnitude of those shown by etoposide. Treatment of brain-like glioblastoma cells (U87) with 11, at the concentration of 100 µg/mL, induced a decrease in cell viability by 50% after 48 h and 72 h. Besides, results attained
Conclusions:
This investigation reveals the potential of distinct azole-based conjugates, in particular the tetrazole-thiadiazolyl (11) derivative, as scaffolds worth further investigations, in the frame of antimicrobial and antineoplastic chemotherapy.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2023.00028
Aim:
Rice, one of the most widely consumed staple foods globally, relies on amylose content
Methods:
Certified rice flour standards of varying amylose levels have been analyzed using a quantum-cascade LPAS system. Preliminary analysis utilized Fourier trans
Results:
LPAS spectra, recorded between 7.0–11.0 μm, displayed two broad bands, showing a linear increase in signal with amylose content, especially notable in the specific fingerprint region within 8.5–10.0 μm. The prominent peak at 9.3 μm exhibited a high linear correlation with amylose levels (R2 > 0.99). PCA effectively differentiated rice flour samples, while PLS accurately predicted amylose content. The difference between predicted and actual amylose is significantly less than the statistical error of the measurement.
Conclusions:
LPAS combined with chemometric analysis emerges as a promising non-destructive method
Aim:
Rice, one of the most widely consumed staple foods globally, relies on amylose content
Methods:
Certified rice flour standards of varying amylose levels have been analyzed using a quantum-cascade LPAS system. Preliminary analysis utilized Fourier trans
Results:
LPAS spectra, recorded between 7.0–11.0 μm, displayed two broad bands, showing a linear increase in signal with amylose content, especially notable in the specific fingerprint region within 8.5–10.0 μm. The prominent peak at 9.3 μm exhibited a high linear correlation with amylose levels (R2 > 0.99). PCA effectively differentiated rice flour samples, while PLS accurately predicted amylose content. The difference between predicted and actual amylose is significantly less than the statistical error of the measurement.
Conclusions:
LPAS combined with chemometric analysis emerges as a promising non-destructive method
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eff.2024.00050
This article belongs to the special issue Metrological Aspects in the Analysis of Nutrients, Functional Compounds, Additives and Contaminants in Food and Feed
Aim:
Because of severe immunosuppression,
Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted on HIV-infected patients with
Results:
The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs)
Conclusions:
Compared with CMT, mNGS has a better detection rate. mNGS provides an alternative and promising method
Aim:
Because of severe immunosuppression,
Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted on HIV-infected patients with
Results:
The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs)
Conclusions:
Compared with CMT, mNGS has a better detection rate. mNGS provides an alternative and promising method
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2025.1001363
This article belongs to the special issue Global Perspectives on the Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Functional Cure of HIV Infection in the Post-ART Era
