Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a compromised epidermal barrier and heightened immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, often associated with filaggrin (FLG) gene mutations. Genetic factors like FLG mutations and environmental influences, including microbial exposure and pollutants, contribute to the disease’s progression, leading to itchy, inflamed skin. AD frequently coexists with allergic conditions, severely affecting the quality of life. The disease’s pathogenesis involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions, immune responses, and environmental triggers. Despite advances, the development of effective treatments remains challenging due to an incomplete understanding of how FLG mutations influence immune pathways and the variability in AD presentation. Current biomarkers are insufficient to fully capture disease complexity or predict therapeutic responses, highlighting the need for novel biomarkers and personalized approaches. Emerging therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, stem cell therapy, and regenerative medicine show promise in addressing AD’s root causes. This review explores key aspects of AD pathogenesis, focusing on epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune mechanisms, and the need for innovative therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and burdensome condition worldwide, characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Ideally, instead of treating CRS, we would identify ways to prevent the development of this chronic condition. Occupational exposures may be an excellent target for prevention. Occupational exposures have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple lower airway diseases, such as asthma, silicosis, asbestosis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, evidence for the association between occupational exposures and the development of upper airway disease, like CRS, is less well-defined. This manuscript examines the association between occupational exposures and CRS. A scoping review of the literature following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines identified 19 relevant studies. The populations examined and the methods and criteria used for defining CRS diagnosis and occupational variables significantly varied between the studies. Diagnosis of CRS was most often determined by self-reported symptoms or medical record review. Occupational variables ranged from employment status to occupation type to specific exogenous compounds encountered. Overall, substantial evidence demonstrates a general association between occupational exposures and CRS diagnosis; however, limitations in study methodologies, including variations in CRS diagnostic criteria, occupational exposures, assessment methods, and populations, hinder drawing more specific conclusions. Moving forward, rigorous research methodologies and standardized criteria are essential to draw conclusions supported by multiple studies. Critical components of future studies should include large, diverse populations, use of consensus CRS diagnostic criteria, and inclusion of many specific and quantitatively defined exposures. Ultimately, such efforts can help inform preventative measures and interventions for CRS, thus mitigating the burden of CRS on individuals and populations worldwide.

Asthma is one of the most common respiratory diseases in humans throughout the world. The illness continues to be the most prevalent cause of respiratory morbidity and affects both adults and children. Asthma is mainly caused by microbes, especially the species of Aspergillus. It causes continuous irritation and distracts the mental attention of the patient, leading to physical weakness and depression resulting in immune-compromised conditions. Asthmatic patients need careful attention and continuous treatment. Taking into account its major effects on patients’ quality of life, the challenging nature of the therapy, and side effects of the novel therapeutic strategies that influence the clinical course of asthma are required to be considered before finally deciding the course of treatment. Children with asthma and wheezing are frequently sustained by a type-2 immune response. In addition, people with wheezing and asthma can be identified by the presence of digestive and respiratory tract dysbiosis. Therefore, oral probiotics could be used as an additional asthmatic medication to manage asthma, but the decision should be constantly monitored by specialized persons. During the last two decades, the importance of probiotics in the treatment of various ailments has been realized and several researches are being conducted to find out the impact of healthy gut microbiome on the management of various diseases including asthma.