Previous
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal interstitial lung disease of undefined etiology. In recent years, its global incidence has shown an upward trend, with a median survival of approximately 3–5 years after diagnosis. Currently, clinical treatment outcomes for this disease remain limited. Approved therapeutic agents are nintedanib, pirfenidone, and nerandomilast, all of which are predominantly administered orally. The oral route renders drugs susceptible to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to reduced drug bioavailability and limited therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we believe that nanodelivery systems (NDSs) represent a promising approach to address the limitations of traditional therapies. Most importantly, we emphasized that inhalation NDSs should be prioritized to enhance the accumulation efficiency of targeted drugs at pulmonary lesion sites. Collectively, this study aims to provide insights into the developmental prospects of NDSs for IPF, paving the way for more efficient and personalized therapeutic approaches to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fatal interstitial lung disease of undefined etiology. In recent years, its global incidence has shown an upward trend, with a median survival of approximately 3–5 years after diagnosis. Currently, clinical treatment outcomes for this disease remain limited. Approved therapeutic agents are nintedanib, pirfenidone, and nerandomilast, all of which are predominantly administered orally. The oral route renders drugs susceptible to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to reduced drug bioavailability and limited therapeutic efficacy. In this work, we believe that nanodelivery systems (NDSs) represent a promising approach to address the limitations of traditional therapies. Most importantly, we emphasized that inhalation NDSs should be prioritized to enhance the accumulation efficiency of targeted drugs at pulmonary lesion sites. Collectively, this study aims to provide insights into the developmental prospects of NDSs for IPF, paving the way for more efficient and personalized therapeutic approaches to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001397
Aim:
Polypharmacy is increasingly prevalent among older adults and has been suggested as a potential risk factor for adverse health outcomes, including cognitive impairment and functional decline. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations of polypharmacy with cognitive impairment and functional status among community-dwelling older adults using nationally representative data from the 2023 Korean Elderly Survey.
Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 9,898 community-dwelling older adults without a diagnosis of dementia. Polypharmacy was defined as the concurrent use of five or more physician-prescribed medications. Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), with cognitive impairment defined as a score ≤ 23. Functional status was evaluated using the Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cognitive impairment, while multiple linear regression analyses examined associations with functional status. Models were sequentially adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and the number of chronic diseases.
Results:
Polypharmacy was associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment in the crude model (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.40–2.05); however, this association was attenuated and became non-significant after adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related factors. In contrast, polypharmacy remained independently associated with poorer functional status in fully adjusted models, showing higher K-ADL scores (B = 0.14, p = 0.007) and K-IADL scores (B = 0.43, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Polypharmacy was independently associated with functional impairment but not with cognitive impairment after comprehensive adjustment, suggesting that functional decline may represent a more sensitive and immediate consequence of complex medication use in older adults. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive geriatric assessment approaches that integrate medication review with functional evaluation.
Aim:
Polypharmacy is increasingly prevalent among older adults and has been suggested as a potential risk factor for adverse health outcomes, including cognitive impairment and functional decline. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations of polypharmacy with cognitive impairment and functional status among community-dwelling older adults using nationally representative data from the 2023 Korean Elderly Survey.
Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 9,898 community-dwelling older adults without a diagnosis of dementia. Polypharmacy was defined as the concurrent use of five or more physician-prescribed medications. Cognitive function was assessed using the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), with cognitive impairment defined as a score ≤ 23. Functional status was evaluated using the Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) and Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cognitive impairment, while multiple linear regression analyses examined associations with functional status. Models were sequentially adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and the number of chronic diseases.
Results:
Polypharmacy was associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment in the crude model (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.40–2.05); however, this association was attenuated and became non-significant after adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related factors. In contrast, polypharmacy remained independently associated with poorer functional status in fully adjusted models, showing higher K-ADL scores (B = 0.14, p = 0.007) and K-IADL scores (B = 0.43, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Polypharmacy was independently associated with functional impairment but not with cognitive impairment after comprehensive adjustment, suggesting that functional decline may represent a more sensitive and immediate consequence of complex medication use in older adults. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive geriatric assessment approaches that integrate medication review with functional evaluation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001398
Background:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome characterized by episodes of complete cessation of breathing (apnea) or inadequate breathing (hypopnea) during sleep.
Methods:
A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified 1,532 records; after screening, 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 2009 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria. These studies included 698 participants aged 5–75 years.
Results:
Nine randomized trials (n = 698; 2009–2020) showed that myofunctional therapy (MFT), alone or as an adjunct, for example, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and nasal washing, reduced apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) versus control in adults and children. Snoring intensity improved in trials that measured it; several studies reported gains in oxygen saturation and mouth-breathing reduction. Protocols targeted the soft palate, tongue, and facial muscles with daily home exercises.
Discussion:
MFT appears to be a promising non-invasive treatment for reducing AHI, especially in pediatric patients. Its benefits extend beyond AHI reduction, supporting orofacial function and nasal breathing. However, its clinical integration remains limited due to a lack of standardized protocols and inconsistent reporting of patient adherence. Most studies also have short follow-up periods, which makes it difficult to assess long-term efficacy. To advance evidence-based use of MFT, future research should adopt standardized outcomes, monitor adherence systematically, and include long-term follow-up.
Background:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome characterized by episodes of complete cessation of breathing (apnea) or inadequate breathing (hypopnea) during sleep.
Methods:
A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified 1,532 records; after screening, 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 2009 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria. These studies included 698 participants aged 5–75 years.
Results:
Nine randomized trials (n = 698; 2009–2020) showed that myofunctional therapy (MFT), alone or as an adjunct, for example, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and nasal washing, reduced apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) versus control in adults and children. Snoring intensity improved in trials that measured it; several studies reported gains in oxygen saturation and mouth-breathing reduction. Protocols targeted the soft palate, tongue, and facial muscles with daily home exercises.
Discussion:
MFT appears to be a promising non-invasive treatment for reducing AHI, especially in pediatric patients. Its benefits extend beyond AHI reduction, supporting orofacial function and nasal breathing. However, its clinical integration remains limited due to a lack of standardized protocols and inconsistent reporting of patient adherence. Most studies also have short follow-up periods, which makes it difficult to assess long-term efficacy. To advance evidence-based use of MFT, future research should adopt standardized outcomes, monitor adherence systematically, and include long-term follow-up.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001396
The biopsychosocial model is the prevailing framework for chronic orofacial pain (COP). While COP is a heterogeneous clinical entity involving nociceptive and neuropathic components, it is increasingly defined by its nociplastic features—a systemic, non-nociceptive state in which psychological factors significantly influence symptoms. Current research frequently suffers from the conflation of constructs. Psychosocial predictors (e.g., self-efficacy) and outcome measures (e.g., pain interference) are often conceptually inseparable. To advance beyond this, we advocate for the integration of the brain-heart axis (BHA). The BHA provides objective, quantifiable markers of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, the physical manifestation of chronic stress rooted in large-scale brain network imbalance. The present study proposes a theoretical framework in which psychological distress is reflected in corrected QT interval (QTc) changes, while low self-efficacy is mirrored by reduced heart rate variability (HRV). This integration is supported by the neurochemical roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in central sensitization and dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction in the basal ganglia. The present paper delineates a framework for research and clinical implementation within advanced dental training.
The biopsychosocial model is the prevailing framework for chronic orofacial pain (COP). While COP is a heterogeneous clinical entity involving nociceptive and neuropathic components, it is increasingly defined by its nociplastic features—a systemic, non-nociceptive state in which psychological factors significantly influence symptoms. Current research frequently suffers from the conflation of constructs. Psychosocial predictors (e.g., self-efficacy) and outcome measures (e.g., pain interference) are often conceptually inseparable. To advance beyond this, we advocate for the integration of the brain-heart axis (BHA). The BHA provides objective, quantifiable markers of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation, the physical manifestation of chronic stress rooted in large-scale brain network imbalance. The present study proposes a theoretical framework in which psychological distress is reflected in corrected QT interval (QTc) changes, while low self-efficacy is mirrored by reduced heart rate variability (HRV). This integration is supported by the neurochemical roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in central sensitization and dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction in the basal ganglia. The present paper delineates a framework for research and clinical implementation within advanced dental training.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001395
Aim:
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a stacking ensemble machine learning (SEML) model that integrates deep learning (DL) algorithms to improve the accuracy of prognostic predictions for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
Methods:
A cohort of 215 HNSCC patients’ CT images, featuring gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) contours, was analyzed. Radiomics features were extracted and converted into quantitative data. These features were then used to train and compare a novel SEML model against standard DL algorithms to predict patient prognosis.
Results:
The proposed SEML model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the DL model, achieving 93% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 83% specificity. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test indicated no substantial difference in prediction performance between features derived from GTV and PTV contours (p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
The SEML model effectively enhances the prognostic prediction accuracy for HNSCC based on radiomic features. This approach shows significant potential to inform clinical decision-making and support the development of customized treatment strategies for improved patient care.
Aim:
This study aimed to develop and evaluate a stacking ensemble machine learning (SEML) model that integrates deep learning (DL) algorithms to improve the accuracy of prognostic predictions for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
Methods:
A cohort of 215 HNSCC patients’ CT images, featuring gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) contours, was analyzed. Radiomics features were extracted and converted into quantitative data. These features were then used to train and compare a novel SEML model against standard DL algorithms to predict patient prognosis.
Results:
The proposed SEML model demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to the DL model, achieving 93% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, and 83% specificity. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test indicated no substantial difference in prediction performance between features derived from GTV and PTV contours (p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
The SEML model effectively enhances the prognostic prediction accuracy for HNSCC based on radiomic features. This approach shows significant potential to inform clinical decision-making and support the development of customized treatment strategies for improved patient care.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001394
This article belongs to the special issue Artificial Intelligence in Precision Imaging: Innovations Shaping the Future of Clinical Diagnostics
Acute paraplegia is a frequent and high-stake presentation in emergency departments. Spinal cord compression (SCC), particularly malignant epidural SCC, is a common oncologic emergency requiring urgent intervention, whereas Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rarer but potentially life-threatening autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Early differentiation between these conditions is essential, as delays in diagnosis and treatment are associated with irreversible neurological deficits and increased morbidity. Our objective is to synthesize recent evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of SCC and GBS, with emphasis on early differentiation and multidisciplinary care strategies in emergency and rehabilitation settings. A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL) were searched for English language studies published between January 2020 and June 2025. The review focused on clinical studies and reports addressing early differentiation and multidisciplinary management of SCC and GBS in emergency settings. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The review found that GBS diagnosis relies heavily on recognizing progressive symmetric weakness and preceding infectious triggers, while SCC requires immediate imaging and prompt corticosteroid administration. The limited number of studies highlights a gap in integrated emergency protocols for distinguishing these conditions. Surgical decompression remains the cornerstone of SCC management, with emerging evidence suggesting potential benefits even beyond the traditional 24-h window. This scoping review reinforces the critical need for early differentiation between SCC and GBS. Although the available literature is limited, it underscores the importance of coordinated multidisciplinary care. Clinicians must remain attentive to evolving diagnostic algorithms, particularly in light of new evidence supporting extended surgical windows for SCC.
Acute paraplegia is a frequent and high-stake presentation in emergency departments. Spinal cord compression (SCC), particularly malignant epidural SCC, is a common oncologic emergency requiring urgent intervention, whereas Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rarer but potentially life-threatening autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Early differentiation between these conditions is essential, as delays in diagnosis and treatment are associated with irreversible neurological deficits and increased morbidity. Our objective is to synthesize recent evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of SCC and GBS, with emphasis on early differentiation and multidisciplinary care strategies in emergency and rehabilitation settings. A scoping review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL) were searched for English language studies published between January 2020 and June 2025. The review focused on clinical studies and reports addressing early differentiation and multidisciplinary management of SCC and GBS in emergency settings. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The review found that GBS diagnosis relies heavily on recognizing progressive symmetric weakness and preceding infectious triggers, while SCC requires immediate imaging and prompt corticosteroid administration. The limited number of studies highlights a gap in integrated emergency protocols for distinguishing these conditions. Surgical decompression remains the cornerstone of SCC management, with emerging evidence suggesting potential benefits even beyond the traditional 24-h window. This scoping review reinforces the critical need for early differentiation between SCC and GBS. Although the available literature is limited, it underscores the importance of coordinated multidisciplinary care. Clinicians must remain attentive to evolving diagnostic algorithms, particularly in light of new evidence supporting extended surgical windows for SCC.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001393
This article belongs to the special issue Practical Tips for Cancer Care: Guidance for Patients, Caregivers, and Healthcare Professionals
At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lack of guidance from evidence-based medicine on how to treat the infected patients, the medical class faced significant difficulties, not only with the unknown infection but also with the great number of cases. This led to a great number of hospitalizations and deaths. It would have been necessary to try drugs already available on the market, which might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This is a short review of studies in the scientific literature dealing with the use of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. We revised studies taken from the scientific literature in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google Scholar etc., describing the effects of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. To search for studies, we used the keywords: SARS-CoV, off-label drug, pandemic emergence, repurposed drug, Absence of EBM, Antiviral, Indomethacin, and Mechanisms. Among the studies reviewed, there is an interesting experimental study, published in 2006 by an Italian group, which considered the problem at the time of the previous SARS-CoV epidemic, that clearly demonstrated an antiviral effect of indomethacin, both in vitro and in vivo, against SARS-CoV. Two other studies, both clinical, one retrospective observational, and the other a prospective randomized trial comparing indomethacin with paracetamol, also showed good effects of indomethacin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. On the basis of these notices, we wonder why, in such an emergency situation, indomethacin was not taken into consideration and was not tried in the treatment of COVID-19.
At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lack of guidance from evidence-based medicine on how to treat the infected patients, the medical class faced significant difficulties, not only with the unknown infection but also with the great number of cases. This led to a great number of hospitalizations and deaths. It would have been necessary to try drugs already available on the market, which might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This is a short review of studies in the scientific literature dealing with the use of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. We revised studies taken from the scientific literature in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google Scholar etc., describing the effects of indomethacin as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoVs. To search for studies, we used the keywords: SARS-CoV, off-label drug, pandemic emergence, repurposed drug, Absence of EBM, Antiviral, Indomethacin, and Mechanisms. Among the studies reviewed, there is an interesting experimental study, published in 2006 by an Italian group, which considered the problem at the time of the previous SARS-CoV epidemic, that clearly demonstrated an antiviral effect of indomethacin, both in vitro and in vivo, against SARS-CoV. Two other studies, both clinical, one retrospective observational, and the other a prospective randomized trial comparing indomethacin with paracetamol, also showed good effects of indomethacin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. On the basis of these notices, we wonder why, in such an emergency situation, indomethacin was not taken into consideration and was not tried in the treatment of COVID-19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001392
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001391
New guidelines for high blood pressure (BP) by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) now consider BP of 120–140/70–90 mmHg to be elevated (“high”) BP and recommend pharmacotherapy for BP > 130/80 mmHg if the estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular events exceeds 10%, regardless of age. These recommendations are given with reference to two meta-analyses, but the studies included in the referred meta-analyses lack direct relevance, as patients in the first meta-analysis had established hypertension and several cardiovascular risk conditions. Further, the estimation of risk levels in the second meta-analysis was not done a priori with the recommended SCORE2 risk tool, but through a post hoc analysis of cardiovascular death in the placebo group. We argue that no randomized study has provided BP treatment based on such risk algorithms, nor from healthy participants with “elevated BP” (120–139/70–89 mmHg). A further problem is the use of a fixed risk threshold of 10% regardless of age, which will shift treatment to older patients without any major risk factors, while younger individuals with early onset of high BP and other metabolic syndrome characteristics usually will have a 10-year estimated cardiovascular risk far below this threshold, thus treatment may be delayed. This concept of the 2024 ESC hypertension guidelines is not evidence-based and should, in our opinion, not be implemented in Norway or in any other country. Norwegian doctors should follow the National Directorate of Health’s guidelines with age-adjusted intervention thresholds and consult European Society of Hypertension guidelines if they need to consider more extensive patient recommendations.
New guidelines for high blood pressure (BP) by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) now consider BP of 120–140/70–90 mmHg to be elevated (“high”) BP and recommend pharmacotherapy for BP > 130/80 mmHg if the estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular events exceeds 10%, regardless of age. These recommendations are given with reference to two meta-analyses, but the studies included in the referred meta-analyses lack direct relevance, as patients in the first meta-analysis had established hypertension and several cardiovascular risk conditions. Further, the estimation of risk levels in the second meta-analysis was not done a priori with the recommended SCORE2 risk tool, but through a post hoc analysis of cardiovascular death in the placebo group. We argue that no randomized study has provided BP treatment based on such risk algorithms, nor from healthy participants with “elevated BP” (120–139/70–89 mmHg). A further problem is the use of a fixed risk threshold of 10% regardless of age, which will shift treatment to older patients without any major risk factors, while younger individuals with early onset of high BP and other metabolic syndrome characteristics usually will have a 10-year estimated cardiovascular risk far below this threshold, thus treatment may be delayed. This concept of the 2024 ESC hypertension guidelines is not evidence-based and should, in our opinion, not be implemented in Norway or in any other country. Norwegian doctors should follow the National Directorate of Health’s guidelines with age-adjusted intervention thresholds and consult European Society of Hypertension guidelines if they need to consider more extensive patient recommendations.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001390
This article belongs to the special issue Drug Adherence in Hypertension
Background:
Transcatheter mitral valve intervention, including repair (e.g., edge-to-edge repair) and replacement, is now a cornerstone of treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in high-risk patients, providing a less invasive alternative to surgical treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of different antithrombotic strategies to prevent thromboembolic events and bleeding complications after transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR).
Methods:
According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted from January 2015 to January 2025. Eligible studies included adult patients who underwent transcatheter mitral valve intervention (including repair and replacement procedures) and compared different antithrombotic regimens, including direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and antiplatelet therapies. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality. The studies were too heterogeneous, so a narrative synthesis was performed.
Results:
Fifteen studies involving 20,956 patients were included. DOACs were associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared to VKAs [hazard ratio (HR): 0.21, p = 0.02, in one large study], with similar rates of stroke. Mortality was lower with DOACs in several analyses (e.g., HR: 0.67). Triple therapy and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) were associated with increased bleeding risk without providing additional thromboembolic protection.
Discussion:
DOACs have a safer profile in post-TMVR patients, with reduced bleeding risk and lower mortality compared with VKAs. Triple therapy and DAPT should only be used in high-risk patients with specific indications due to their greater risk of bleeding. Optimizing outcomes requires a tailored approach to antithrombotic therapy, considering patient factors and procedural considerations. Definitive standards may still demand further investigation, such as multicenter randomized controlled trials evaluating antithrombotic treatments after TMVR.
Background:
Transcatheter mitral valve intervention, including repair (e.g., edge-to-edge repair) and replacement, is now a cornerstone of treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) in high-risk patients, providing a less invasive alternative to surgical treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of different antithrombotic strategies to prevent thromboembolic events and bleeding complications after transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR).
Methods:
According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted from January 2015 to January 2025. Eligible studies included adult patients who underwent transcatheter mitral valve intervention (including repair and replacement procedures) and compared different antithrombotic regimens, including direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and antiplatelet therapies. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality. The studies were too heterogeneous, so a narrative synthesis was performed.
Results:
Fifteen studies involving 20,956 patients were included. DOACs were associated with a lower risk of major bleeding compared to VKAs [hazard ratio (HR): 0.21, p = 0.02, in one large study], with similar rates of stroke. Mortality was lower with DOACs in several analyses (e.g., HR: 0.67). Triple therapy and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) were associated with increased bleeding risk without providing additional thromboembolic protection.
Discussion:
DOACs have a safer profile in post-TMVR patients, with reduced bleeding risk and lower mortality compared with VKAs. Triple therapy and DAPT should only be used in high-risk patients with specific indications due to their greater risk of bleeding. Optimizing outcomes requires a tailored approach to antithrombotic therapy, considering patient factors and procedural considerations. Definitive standards may still demand further investigation, such as multicenter randomized controlled trials evaluating antithrombotic treatments after TMVR.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001389
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an emerging clinical and public health concern in cancer care. Although opioids remain essential for cancer pain management, a substantial subset of patients develops OUD, including many iatrogenic cases. This scoping review (ScR) synthesized evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, screening approaches, and multidisciplinary management of OUD in adults with cancer. The review followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-ScR guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect) were searched for English language randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies, and observational studies published from 2019–2025. Eligible studies included adults aged ≥ 18 years with cancer. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection (OA and YI). The search identified 1,044 records; 403 abstracts were screened; 164 full-texts were assessed; and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. OUD prevalence averaged 8% (range 6–50%), with 23.5% of patients classified as at risk. New persistent opioid use occurred in 19% within 8 weeks. Postoperative persistent opioid use was 33.3% overall, higher among patients with prior opioid exposure (48.3%) than opioid-naive individuals (18.5%). Reported risk factors included prior opioid use, younger age, male sex, substance use history, anxiety, and financial distress. Screening tools identified approximately 20% of patients as high risk. Multidisciplinary interventions—including buprenorphine/naloxone treatment and structured monitoring—were effective in managing concurrent cancer pain and OUD. OUD in cancer populations is preventable and manageable through systematic risk assessment and integrated multidisciplinary care. Early screening with validated tools, structured monitoring, and compassionate communication support safe opioid use while maintaining adequate analgesia. Evidence supports expanding access to medication-assisted therapies, psychosocial support, and harm-reduction strategies. These findings provide a foundation for improving clinical outcomes and guiding future research.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an emerging clinical and public health concern in cancer care. Although opioids remain essential for cancer pain management, a substantial subset of patients develops OUD, including many iatrogenic cases. This scoping review (ScR) synthesized evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, screening approaches, and multidisciplinary management of OUD in adults with cancer. The review followed Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-ScR guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect) were searched for English language randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies, and observational studies published from 2019–2025. Eligible studies included adults aged ≥ 18 years with cancer. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection (OA and YI). The search identified 1,044 records; 403 abstracts were screened; 164 full-texts were assessed; and 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. OUD prevalence averaged 8% (range 6–50%), with 23.5% of patients classified as at risk. New persistent opioid use occurred in 19% within 8 weeks. Postoperative persistent opioid use was 33.3% overall, higher among patients with prior opioid exposure (48.3%) than opioid-naive individuals (18.5%). Reported risk factors included prior opioid use, younger age, male sex, substance use history, anxiety, and financial distress. Screening tools identified approximately 20% of patients as high risk. Multidisciplinary interventions—including buprenorphine/naloxone treatment and structured monitoring—were effective in managing concurrent cancer pain and OUD. OUD in cancer populations is preventable and manageable through systematic risk assessment and integrated multidisciplinary care. Early screening with validated tools, structured monitoring, and compassionate communication support safe opioid use while maintaining adequate analgesia. Evidence supports expanding access to medication-assisted therapies, psychosocial support, and harm-reduction strategies. These findings provide a foundation for improving clinical outcomes and guiding future research.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001388
This article belongs to the special issue Practical Tips for Cancer Care: Guidance for Patients, Caregivers, and Healthcare Professionals
Background:
The increasing use of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on periodontal health. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the impact of these alternative nicotine delivery systems on periodontal inflammation, oral microbiota, and outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Methods:
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
Results:
The findings indicate that although electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products may reduce exposure to certain harmful constituents compared with conventional cigarettes, they are not free of adverse effects. Their use has been associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced anti-inflammatory mediators, delayed periodontal healing, and alterations in oral microbiota composition, which may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease. These biological changes may negatively influence the response to non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Discussion:
From a clinical perspective, individuals using electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products tend to exhibit less favorable treatment outcomes, often comparable to those observed in conventional cigarette smokers. Despite being promoted as harm-reduction alternatives, current evidence suggests that electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products still pose significant risks to periodontal tissues. Overall, the available biological and clinical evidence supports the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of tissue damage and reinforces the importance of promoting complete smoking cessation, including avoidance of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products, to preserve long-term oral health.
Background:
The increasing use of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential effects on periodontal health. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the impact of these alternative nicotine delivery systems on periodontal inflammation, oral microbiota, and outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Methods:
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.
Results:
The findings indicate that although electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products may reduce exposure to certain harmful constituents compared with conventional cigarettes, they are not free of adverse effects. Their use has been associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced anti-inflammatory mediators, delayed periodontal healing, and alterations in oral microbiota composition, which may contribute to the progression of periodontal disease. These biological changes may negatively influence the response to non-surgical periodontal therapy.
Discussion:
From a clinical perspective, individuals using electronic cigarettes or heated tobacco products tend to exhibit less favorable treatment outcomes, often comparable to those observed in conventional cigarette smokers. Despite being promoted as harm-reduction alternatives, current evidence suggests that electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products still pose significant risks to periodontal tissues. Overall, the available biological and clinical evidence supports the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of tissue damage and reinforces the importance of promoting complete smoking cessation, including avoidance of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products, to preserve long-term oral health.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001387
Background:
Climate change-driven wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. The 2025 Manitoba wildfire season, which burned over one million hectares, exposed rural and Indigenous lung cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy to unprecedented levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and triggered widespread evacuations, severely threatening treatment continuity and outcomes. This systematic review examines the evidence (2010–2023) on the impact of wildfire smoke exposure on radiation oncology outcomes in rural and Indigenous lung cancer patients, with particular attention to its applicability to the Manitoba context.
Methods:
PRISMA-guided systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (1 January 2010–31 July 2025). Studies were included if they addressed wildfire smoke or PM2.5 exposure, lung cancer, radiation therapy outcomes, and rural or Indigenous populations. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and CASP checklists for reviews/qualitative studies. Findings were narratively synthesized.
Results:
Fifteen moderate-to-high-quality studies were included (four cohort, two qualitative, five reviews, two meta-analysis, one scoping review, one observational). Wildfire-derived PM2.5 exacerbates radiation-induced lung toxicities (e.g., pneumonitis reported in up to 30% of thoracic radiotherapy patients) via oxidative stress and inflammation. High PM2.5 exposure is linked to increased mortality/complications (adjusted OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) and respiratory hospitalizations (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07–1.18). Treatment interruptions exceeding 7 days—common during wildfire evacuations—reduce local control by ∼10% and elevate mortality risk (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26). Rural and Indigenous patients experience disproportionate barriers, including limited healthcare access, long travel distances, socioeconomic constraints, and culturally insensitive services.
Discussion:
Wildfire smoke significantly worsens radiation therapy outcomes in rural lung cancer patients through synergistic pulmonary toxicity and treatment disruptions. No Manitoba-specific studies were identified, highlighting a critical evidence gap. Urgent interventions are needed: mobile radiation units, subsidized high-efficiency air filtration, culturally safe care models, telehealth expansion, and province-specific research to address climate-related health inequities in radiation oncology.
Background:
Climate change-driven wildfires are increasing in frequency and intensity. The 2025 Manitoba wildfire season, which burned over one million hectares, exposed rural and Indigenous lung cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy to unprecedented levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and triggered widespread evacuations, severely threatening treatment continuity and outcomes. This systematic review examines the evidence (2010–2023) on the impact of wildfire smoke exposure on radiation oncology outcomes in rural and Indigenous lung cancer patients, with particular attention to its applicability to the Manitoba context.
Methods:
PRISMA-guided systematic review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (1 January 2010–31 July 2025). Studies were included if they addressed wildfire smoke or PM2.5 exposure, lung cancer, radiation therapy outcomes, and rural or Indigenous populations. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and CASP checklists for reviews/qualitative studies. Findings were narratively synthesized.
Results:
Fifteen moderate-to-high-quality studies were included (four cohort, two qualitative, five reviews, two meta-analysis, one scoping review, one observational). Wildfire-derived PM2.5 exacerbates radiation-induced lung toxicities (e.g., pneumonitis reported in up to 30% of thoracic radiotherapy patients) via oxidative stress and inflammation. High PM2.5 exposure is linked to increased mortality/complications (adjusted OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) and respiratory hospitalizations (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07–1.18). Treatment interruptions exceeding 7 days—common during wildfire evacuations—reduce local control by ∼10% and elevate mortality risk (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26). Rural and Indigenous patients experience disproportionate barriers, including limited healthcare access, long travel distances, socioeconomic constraints, and culturally insensitive services.
Discussion:
Wildfire smoke significantly worsens radiation therapy outcomes in rural lung cancer patients through synergistic pulmonary toxicity and treatment disruptions. No Manitoba-specific studies were identified, highlighting a critical evidence gap. Urgent interventions are needed: mobile radiation units, subsidized high-efficiency air filtration, culturally safe care models, telehealth expansion, and province-specific research to address climate-related health inequities in radiation oncology.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001386
Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are increasingly used in drafting scientific papers. While they can improve clarity and efficiency, a troubling issue has emerged: the inclusion of fabricated references—nonexistent citations that can mislead, especially in biomedical research where evidence integrity is crucial. Studies indicate that 69% of references in ChatGPT’s medical queries are false, and only 7% of AI-generated medical articles contain accurate references. These fake citations often mimic real authors and journals, making detection difficult. Such inaccuracies can compromise research integrity, skew citation metrics, and reduce trust in scientific literature. To address this, journals are adopting policies requiring disclosure of AI use and human verification of references. Nonetheless, detecting AI-related misinformation remains challenging, and many experts believe the problem is bigger than currently known. Going forward, authors should avoid relying solely on LLMs, and reviewers must scrutinize references carefully. The scientific community needs to balance AI’s usefulness with rigorous oversight, ensuring that the pursuit of efficiency doesn't undermine credibility. Ultimately, safeguarding research from AI-generated misinformation will require combined efforts of transparency, vigilance, and adherence to ethical principles, preserving the integrity of biomedical science.
Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are increasingly used in drafting scientific papers. While they can improve clarity and efficiency, a troubling issue has emerged: the inclusion of fabricated references—nonexistent citations that can mislead, especially in biomedical research where evidence integrity is crucial. Studies indicate that 69% of references in ChatGPT’s medical queries are false, and only 7% of AI-generated medical articles contain accurate references. These fake citations often mimic real authors and journals, making detection difficult. Such inaccuracies can compromise research integrity, skew citation metrics, and reduce trust in scientific literature. To address this, journals are adopting policies requiring disclosure of AI use and human verification of references. Nonetheless, detecting AI-related misinformation remains challenging, and many experts believe the problem is bigger than currently known. Going forward, authors should avoid relying solely on LLMs, and reviewers must scrutinize references carefully. The scientific community needs to balance AI’s usefulness with rigorous oversight, ensuring that the pursuit of efficiency doesn't undermine credibility. Ultimately, safeguarding research from AI-generated misinformation will require combined efforts of transparency, vigilance, and adherence to ethical principles, preserving the integrity of biomedical science.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001385
Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest public health issues of modern society, with a constant increase in prevalence. It is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and impaired insulin signaling, leading to redox imbalance and, consequently, blood vessel dysfunction. One of the key factors in the regulation of vascular tone and contractility is the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase), whose reduced expression and altered activity contribute to the development of vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Impaired redox balance and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which directly affect Na+/K+-ATPase activity, also affect the telomere-telomerase system, leading to telomere shortening, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat ischemic lesions and vascular complications of diabetes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on Na+/K+-ATPase and telomere length in T2D patients remain incompletely elucidated.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest public health issues of modern society, with a constant increase in prevalence. It is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and impaired insulin signaling, leading to redox imbalance and, consequently, blood vessel dysfunction. One of the key factors in the regulation of vascular tone and contractility is the sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase), whose reduced expression and altered activity contribute to the development of vascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Impaired redox balance and increased production of reactive oxygen species, which directly affect Na+/K+-ATPase activity, also affect the telomere-telomerase system, leading to telomere shortening, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat ischemic lesions and vascular complications of diabetes, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on Na+/K+-ATPase and telomere length in T2D patients remain incompletely elucidated.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001384
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of global mortality with nearly 19 million deaths annually, while exponential growth in multimodal imaging, continuous monitoring, and electronic health record data has created analytical challenges exceeding traditional methods. This narrative review examines artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications in cardiovascular medicine through a comprehensive literature analysis from 2019 to 2025, focusing on clinical validation and regulatory approvals. Current applications demonstrate significant clinical utility: automated ECG interpretation achieves > 90% accuracy in arrhythmia detection and predicts life-threatening arrhythmias up to two weeks before clinical onset; deep learning cardiac imaging analysis matches expert performance while reducing analysis time from 45 minutes to under 5 minutes; and ML risk prediction outperforms traditional scores with area under the curve values of 0.865 vs. 0.765. The FDA has approved 122 cardiology AI algorithms representing 14% of all clinical AI in the U.S. market, including ECG interpretation, echocardiographic measurement, and imaging analysis systems. Real-world implementations demonstrate 15–25% reductions in diagnostic errors and 20–30% faster emergency intervention times. However, substantial challenges persist: data quality limitations, algorithmic bias with 10–15% performance variation across populations, workflow integration barriers, and validation requirements. Future directions include multimodal systems, continuously learning algorithms, precision medicine applications, and equitable global implementation. Successful integration requires addressing limitations through diverse training datasets, transparent development, standardized validation, provider education, and maintaining physician autonomy. AI and ML represent powerful augmentation tools that, through evidence-based implementation, can transform cardiovascular care while preserving clinical expertise in decision-making.
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of global mortality with nearly 19 million deaths annually, while exponential growth in multimodal imaging, continuous monitoring, and electronic health record data has created analytical challenges exceeding traditional methods. This narrative review examines artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications in cardiovascular medicine through a comprehensive literature analysis from 2019 to 2025, focusing on clinical validation and regulatory approvals. Current applications demonstrate significant clinical utility: automated ECG interpretation achieves > 90% accuracy in arrhythmia detection and predicts life-threatening arrhythmias up to two weeks before clinical onset; deep learning cardiac imaging analysis matches expert performance while reducing analysis time from 45 minutes to under 5 minutes; and ML risk prediction outperforms traditional scores with area under the curve values of 0.865 vs. 0.765. The FDA has approved 122 cardiology AI algorithms representing 14% of all clinical AI in the U.S. market, including ECG interpretation, echocardiographic measurement, and imaging analysis systems. Real-world implementations demonstrate 15–25% reductions in diagnostic errors and 20–30% faster emergency intervention times. However, substantial challenges persist: data quality limitations, algorithmic bias with 10–15% performance variation across populations, workflow integration barriers, and validation requirements. Future directions include multimodal systems, continuously learning algorithms, precision medicine applications, and equitable global implementation. Successful integration requires addressing limitations through diverse training datasets, transparent development, standardized validation, provider education, and maintaining physician autonomy. AI and ML represent powerful augmentation tools that, through evidence-based implementation, can transform cardiovascular care while preserving clinical expertise in decision-making.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001383
This article belongs to the special issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Cardiovascular Medicine
Aim:
Interobserver variability continues to limit the consistency of breast ultrasound interpretation. This study compares two Vision Transformer (ViT) models and two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for automated three-class breast ultrasound classification, with a specific focus on the tradeoff between predictive performance and computational efficiency.
Methods:
Swin Transformer Base and DeiT Base were evaluated alongside InceptionV3 and MobileNetV3 Large using the public Breast Ultrasound Images (BUSI) dataset, which contains 780 images labeled as benign, malignant, and normal. A consistent on-the-fly augmentation pipeline was applied during training to promote robustness and reduce sensitivity to incidental image variations.
Results:
Swin Transformer Base achieved the highest test accuracy (0.9167) and F1 score (0.8981). MobileNetV3 Large reached an accuracy of 0.8583 with substantially lower computational demand. The efficiency contrast was pronounced, with Swin requiring 30.33 GFLOPs versus 0.43 GFLOPs for MobileNetV3 Large.
Conclusions:
On this benchmark, ViT models can yield higher classification performance, while lightweight CNNs offer a strong efficiency profile that may better match deployment-constrained settings. These results suggest that model selection should be guided by both predictive accuracy and operational feasibility within the target clinical workflow.
Aim:
Interobserver variability continues to limit the consistency of breast ultrasound interpretation. This study compares two Vision Transformer (ViT) models and two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for automated three-class breast ultrasound classification, with a specific focus on the tradeoff between predictive performance and computational efficiency.
Methods:
Swin Transformer Base and DeiT Base were evaluated alongside InceptionV3 and MobileNetV3 Large using the public Breast Ultrasound Images (BUSI) dataset, which contains 780 images labeled as benign, malignant, and normal. A consistent on-the-fly augmentation pipeline was applied during training to promote robustness and reduce sensitivity to incidental image variations.
Results:
Swin Transformer Base achieved the highest test accuracy (0.9167) and F1 score (0.8981). MobileNetV3 Large reached an accuracy of 0.8583 with substantially lower computational demand. The efficiency contrast was pronounced, with Swin requiring 30.33 GFLOPs versus 0.43 GFLOPs for MobileNetV3 Large.
Conclusions:
On this benchmark, ViT models can yield higher classification performance, while lightweight CNNs offer a strong efficiency profile that may better match deployment-constrained settings. These results suggest that model selection should be guided by both predictive accuracy and operational feasibility within the target clinical workflow.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001382
This article belongs to the special issue Artificial Intelligence in Precision Imaging: Innovations Shaping the Future of Clinical Diagnostics
Background:
Irreversible pulpitis is commonly associated with reduced success of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) during root canal treatment, often leading to inadequate intraoperative pain control. Inflammatory mediators can decrease local anesthetic effectiveness and alter nerve response. Preoperative administration of anti-inflammatory drugs has been proposed as a strategy to improve anesthetic success. This review evaluates whether preoperative anti-inflammatory medication enhances the efficacy of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis.
Methods:
Thirteen articles published between 2014 and 2024 were included in the qualitative analysis following a screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS tool.
Results:
Premedication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids significantly improves the success of IANB in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Success rates in treated groups generally range between 55% and 73%, compared to less than 40% in control groups. Ibuprofen, ketorolac, and dexamethasone were among the most effective agents.
Discussion:
Premedication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids, especially ibuprofen and dexamethasone, improves the efficacy of IANB in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, enhancing anesthetic success and reducing intraoperative pain.
Background:
Irreversible pulpitis is commonly associated with reduced success of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) during root canal treatment, often leading to inadequate intraoperative pain control. Inflammatory mediators can decrease local anesthetic effectiveness and alter nerve response. Preoperative administration of anti-inflammatory drugs has been proposed as a strategy to improve anesthetic success. This review evaluates whether preoperative anti-inflammatory medication enhances the efficacy of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis.
Methods:
Thirteen articles published between 2014 and 2024 were included in the qualitative analysis following a screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBINS tool.
Results:
Premedication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids significantly improves the success of IANB in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Success rates in treated groups generally range between 55% and 73%, compared to less than 40% in control groups. Ibuprofen, ketorolac, and dexamethasone were among the most effective agents.
Discussion:
Premedication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroids, especially ibuprofen and dexamethasone, improves the efficacy of IANB in symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, enhancing anesthetic success and reducing intraoperative pain.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001381
Aim:
Polypharmacy is a major health concern among older adults and is associated with increased vulnerability and adverse health outcomes. However, limited evidence exists regarding its association with sensory, oral, and dietary functions. This study examined the effects of polypharmacy on these functions using nationally representative data from the 2023 Korean Elderly Survey.
Methods:
A total of 10,078 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years were analyzed. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications. Sensory function (vision and hearing), oral function (chewing difficulty, swallowing difficulty, denture use, unmet dental needs), and dietary intake (meal frequency, fruit and vegetable consumption) were assessed using structured questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. Model 1 adjusted for demographic factors, and Model 2 additionally adjusted for the number of chronic diseases.
Results:
Older adults with polypharmacy showed substantially poorer sensory and oral function than those without polypharmacy. Higher prevalence was observed for vision difficulty (60.5% vs. 40.6%), hearing difficulty (48.7% vs. 20.6%), chewing difficulty (58.9% vs. 30.1%), swallowing difficulty (20.9% vs. 6.7%), and unmet dental care needs (9.6% vs. 3.0%) (all p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, polypharmacy remained significantly associated with hearing difficulty, chewing difficulty, swallowing difficulty, denture use, and unmet dental care needs. However, associations between polypharmacy and dietary intake indicators were not statistically significant after adjustment.
Conclusions:
Polypharmacy is significantly associated with hearing and oral functional impairments among older adults, and these associations were attenuated but not fully explained after adjusting for chronic disease burden. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary care that integrates medication management and oral health. Strategies promoting rational prescribing and monitoring of functional outcomes are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of polypharmacy and support healthy aging.
Aim:
Polypharmacy is a major health concern among older adults and is associated with increased vulnerability and adverse health outcomes. However, limited evidence exists regarding its association with sensory, oral, and dietary functions. This study examined the effects of polypharmacy on these functions using nationally representative data from the 2023 Korean Elderly Survey.
Methods:
A total of 10,078 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years were analyzed. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more medications. Sensory function (vision and hearing), oral function (chewing difficulty, swallowing difficulty, denture use, unmet dental needs), and dietary intake (meal frequency, fruit and vegetable consumption) were assessed using structured questionnaires. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were performed. Model 1 adjusted for demographic factors, and Model 2 additionally adjusted for the number of chronic diseases.
Results:
Older adults with polypharmacy showed substantially poorer sensory and oral function than those without polypharmacy. Higher prevalence was observed for vision difficulty (60.5% vs. 40.6%), hearing difficulty (48.7% vs. 20.6%), chewing difficulty (58.9% vs. 30.1%), swallowing difficulty (20.9% vs. 6.7%), and unmet dental care needs (9.6% vs. 3.0%) (all p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, polypharmacy remained significantly associated with hearing difficulty, chewing difficulty, swallowing difficulty, denture use, and unmet dental care needs. However, associations between polypharmacy and dietary intake indicators were not statistically significant after adjustment.
Conclusions:
Polypharmacy is significantly associated with hearing and oral functional impairments among older adults, and these associations were attenuated but not fully explained after adjusting for chronic disease burden. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment and multidisciplinary care that integrates medication management and oral health. Strategies promoting rational prescribing and monitoring of functional outcomes are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of polypharmacy and support healthy aging.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2026.1001380
Aim:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and it is often treated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Misuse of fluoroquinolones is a known driver of antimicrobial resistance, and de-escalation of antibiotics is not only effective for patient outcomes but also reduces resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the association of fluoroquinolone de-escalation with length of stay (LOS), mortality, and other microbiological culture results in hospitalized adults with CAP.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort investigation took place with adult patients suspected of CAP in a tertiary care center in Jordan. The study examined outcomes for fluoroquinolone de-escalation that included hospital LOS, mortality, and examined the relationship between the results of microbial cultures and the outcome of de-escalation.
Results:
The study sample consisted of 125 patients with a median age of 73 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 24]. Around 65% (n = 81) of the patients were male, and 35% (n = 44) were female. The fluoroquinolone therapy was mostly levofloxacin (99.2%, n = 124). Fluoroquinolone de-escalation was medically justified in 32.8% (n = 41) of patients. When comparing the rate of successful de-escalation between those with positive and negative cultures (after the exclusion of 3 patients), positive cultures were statistically more likely to de-escalate than negative cultures, 61.5% (16/26) to 26.0% (25/96) (p = 0.002). Patients in the successful de-escalation had a statistically shorter length of hospital stay; 12 days (IQR = 8) against the failed/inappropriate group, 18 days (IQR = 11) (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in mortality; 70.1% (n = 29) survived in the de-escalated group and 76.5% (n = 62) in the failed/inappropriate group (p = 0.514).
Conclusions:
In CAP, fluoroquinolone de-escalation may result in shorter hospital stays but does not alter mortality rates. However, limitations in establishing appropriateness for de-escalation imply the need for further studies to validate the findings.
Aim:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and it is often treated with fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Misuse of fluoroquinolones is a known driver of antimicrobial resistance, and de-escalation of antibiotics is not only effective for patient outcomes but also reduces resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the association of fluoroquinolone de-escalation with length of stay (LOS), mortality, and other microbiological culture results in hospitalized adults with CAP.
Methods:
A retrospective cohort investigation took place with adult patients suspected of CAP in a tertiary care center in Jordan. The study examined outcomes for fluoroquinolone de-escalation that included hospital LOS, mortality, and examined the relationship between the results of microbial cultures and the outcome of de-escalation.
Results:
The study sample consisted of 125 patients with a median age of 73 years [interquartile range (IQR) = 24]. Around 65% (n = 81) of the patients were male, and 35% (n = 44) were female. The fluoroquinolone therapy was mostly levofloxacin (99.2%, n = 124). Fluoroquinolone de-escalation was medically justified in 32.8% (n = 41) of patients. When comparing the rate of successful de-escalation between those with positive and negative cultures (after the exclusion of 3 patients), positive cultures were statistically more likely to de-escalate than negative cultures, 61.5% (16/26) to 26.0% (25/96) (p = 0.002). Patients in the successful de-escalation had a statistically shorter length of hospital stay; 12 days (IQR = 8) against the failed/inappropriate group, 18 days (IQR = 11) (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in mortality; 70.1% (n = 29) survived in the de-escalated group and 76.5% (n = 62) in the failed/inappropriate group (p = 0.514).
Conclusions:
In CAP, fluoroquinolone de-escalation may result in shorter hospital stays but does not alter mortality rates. However, limitations in establishing appropriateness for de-escalation imply the need for further studies to validate the findings.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2025.1001379
