Precision dosing has emerged as a cornerstone of modern pharmacotherapy, aiming to optimize drug exposure at the individual level to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Traditional “one-size-fits-all” dosing strategies often fail to account for interindividual variability driven by genetics, disease states, organ function, drug–drug interactions, and dynamic physiological changes. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has long served as a practical clinical tool to address this variability, particularly for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows. Today, advances in quantitative pharmacology, systems pharmacokinetics, and real-time data integration are transforming precision dosing from a reactive practice into a predictive and adaptive discipline.

Contemporary precision dosing research is increasingly driven by the convergence of pharmacometrics, model-informed drug development, and artificial intelligence. Population and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are now being integrated with Bayesian forecasting, digital biomarkers, wearable-derived physiological data, and electronic health records to enable dynamic, individualized dosing decisions. Machine learning and AI approaches further enhance this paradigm by identifying complex exposure–response relationships, predicting dose adjustments in real time, and supporting clinical decision-making across diverse patient populations. These innovations are reshaping dosing strategies in oncology, infectious diseases, neurology, pediatrics, critical care, and chronic metabolic disorders, bridging the gap between bench, bedside, and bedside-to-algorithm translation.

This special issue invites original research articles, reviews, perspectives, and translational studies that advance the science and clinical implementation of precision dosing. We particularly welcome contributions on TDM-guided therapy, pharmacometric and systems pharmacology approaches, AI- and machine–learning–enabled dosing algorithms, real-world data integration, regulatory perspectives, and clinical case studies demonstrating personalized dosing strategies. Submissions addressing special populations, novel biomarkers, digital health tools, and interdisciplinary collaborations are especially encouraged. By bringing together global expertise from academia, industry, and clinical practice, this special issue aims to define the next generation of precision dosing and accelerate its adoption into routine patient care.

Keywords: Precision dosing, therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacometrics, AI in pharmacology, personalized medicine, model-informed drug development