Exploration of Drug Science

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Systematic Review

Utilizing the Ethereum blockchain for retrieving and archiving augmented reality surgical navigation data
Aim: Conventional techniques to share and archive spinal imaging data raise issues with trust and security, with novel approaches being more greatly considered. Ethereum smart contracts present o [...] Read more.

Aim:

Conventional techniques to share and archive spinal imaging data raise issues with trust and security, with novel approaches being more greatly considered. Ethereum smart contracts present one such novel approach. Ethereum is an open-source platform that allows for the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are packages of code that are self-executing and reside in the Ethereum state, defining conditions for programmed transactions. Though powerful, limited attempts have been made to showcase the clinical utility of such technologies, especially in the pre- and post-operative imaging arenas. Herein, we therefore aim to propose a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) data and was tested on a private, proof-of-authority network. To the author’s best knowledge, the present study represents a first-use case of the InterPlanetary File Storage protocol for storing and retrieving spine imaging smart contracts.

Methods:

The content identifier hashes were stored inside the smart contracts while the interplanetary file system (IPFS) was used to efficiently store the image files. Insertion was achieved with four storage mappings, one for each of the following: fictitious patient data, specific diagnosis, patient identity document (ID), and Gertzbein grade. Inserted patient observations were then queried with wildcards. Insertion and retrieval times for different record volumes were collected.

Results:

It took 276 milliseconds to insert 50 records and 713 milliseconds to insert 350 records. Inserting 50 records required 934 Megabyte (MB) of memory per insertion with patient data and imaging, while inserting 350 records required almost the same amount of memory per insertion. In a database of 350 records, the retrieval function needs about 1,026 MB to query a record with all three fields left blank, but only 970 MB to obtain the same observation from a database of 50 records.

Conclusions:

The concept presented in this study exemplifies the clinical utility of smart contracts and off-chain data storage for efficient retrieval/insertion of ARSN data.

Sai Batchu ... Brandon Lucke-Wold

Published: February 28, 2023 Explor Drug Sci. 2023;1:55–63
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2023.00005

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Aim:

Conventional techniques to share and archive spinal imaging data raise issues with trust and security, with novel approaches being more greatly considered. Ethereum smart contracts present one such novel approach. Ethereum is an open-source platform that allows for the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts are packages of code that are self-executing and reside in the Ethereum state, defining conditions for programmed transactions. Though powerful, limited attempts have been made to showcase the clinical utility of such technologies, especially in the pre- and post-operative imaging arenas. Herein, we therefore aim to propose a proof-of-concept smart contract that stores intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality surgical navigation (ARSN) data and was tested on a private, proof-of-authority network. To the author’s best knowledge, the present study represents a first-use case of the InterPlanetary File Storage protocol for storing and retrieving spine imaging smart contracts.

Methods:

The content identifier hashes were stored inside the smart contracts while the interplanetary file system (IPFS) was used to efficiently store the image files. Insertion was achieved with four storage mappings, one for each of the following: fictitious patient data, specific diagnosis, patient identity document (ID), and Gertzbein grade. Inserted patient observations were then queried with wildcards. Insertion and retrieval times for different record volumes were collected.

Results:

It took 276 milliseconds to insert 50 records and 713 milliseconds to insert 350 records. Inserting 50 records required 934 Megabyte (MB) of memory per insertion with patient data and imaging, while inserting 350 records required almost the same amount of memory per insertion. In a database of 350 records, the retrieval function needs about 1,026 MB to query a record with all three fields left blank, but only 970 MB to obtain the same observation from a database of 50 records.

Conclusions:

The concept presented in this study exemplifies the clinical utility of smart contracts and off-chain data storage for efficient retrieval/insertion of ARSN data.

Open Access

Review

Essential functions, syntheses and detection of sialyl Lewis X on glycoproteins
It is widely acknowledged that sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), the composition and linkage of which are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) α2-3 galactose (Gal) β1-4 [fucose (Fuc) α1-3] N-acetylglucosamine, is usually attached to the cell [...] Read more.

It is widely acknowledged that sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), the composition and linkage of which are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) α2-3 galactose (Gal) β1-4 [fucose (Fuc) α1-3] N-acetylglucosamine, is usually attached to the cell surface. It presents as a terminal structure on either glycoproteins or glycolipids and has been demonstrated to be related to various biological processes, such as fertilization and selectin binding. Due to the vital role of sLeX, its synthesis as well as its determination approaches have attracted considerable attention from many researchers. In this review, the focus is sLeX on glycoproteins. The biological importance of sLeX in fertilization and development, immunity, cancers, and other aspects will be first introduced. Then the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of sLeX including the contributions from more than 15 international research groups will be described, followed by a brief view of the sLeX detection focusing on monosaccharides and linkages. This review is valuable for those readers who are interested in the chemistry and biology of sLeX.

Qiushi Chen ... Xuechen Li

Published: February 28, 2023 Explor Drug Sci. 2023;1:31–54
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2023.00004
This article belongs to the special issue Bioactive Peptides discovery and development

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It is widely acknowledged that sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), the composition and linkage of which are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) α2-3 galactose (Gal) β1-4 [fucose (Fuc) α1-3] N-acetylglucosamine, is usually attached to the cell surface. It presents as a terminal structure on either glycoproteins or glycolipids and has been demonstrated to be related to various biological processes, such as fertilization and selectin binding. Due to the vital role of sLeX, its synthesis as well as its determination approaches have attracted considerable attention from many researchers. In this review, the focus is sLeX on glycoproteins. The biological importance of sLeX in fertilization and development, immunity, cancers, and other aspects will be first introduced. Then the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of sLeX including the contributions from more than 15 international research groups will be described, followed by a brief view of the sLeX detection focusing on monosaccharides and linkages. This review is valuable for those readers who are interested in the chemistry and biology of sLeX.

Open Access

Original Article

Surface functionalized mesoporous polydopamine nanocomposites for killing tumor cells through collaborative chemo/photothermal/chemodynamic treatment
Aim: The development of a collaborative strategy with improved efficacy holds great promise in tumor treatment. This study aims to develop an effective collaborative strategy based on functionalized mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) [...] Read more.

Aim:

The development of a collaborative strategy with improved efficacy holds great promise in tumor treatment. This study aims to develop an effective collaborative strategy based on functionalized mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanocomposites for killing tumor cells.

Methods:

MPDA nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with camptothecin (CPT) payload and manganese dioxide (MnO₂) coating to construct MPDA-CPT-MnO₂ nanocomposites.

Results:

When uptaken by tumor cells, the nanocomposites can degrade to produce O₂, release CPT, and generate manganese (Mn²⁺) under the stimulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and acid. The released CPT and Mn²⁺ can act as chemotherapeutic drug and Fenton-like agent, respectively. Abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in 4T1 tumor cells through an Mn²⁺-mediated Fenton-like reaction. After that, the generated Mn⁴⁺ can react with glutathione (GSH) through redox reaction to produce Mn²⁺ and deplete GSH, disrupting the reducing capacity and benefiting the production of ROS in tumor cells. Under laser irradiation, the nanocomposites can generate hyperthermia to promote the production of ROS.

Conclusions:

The developed MPDA-CPT-MnO₂ nanocomposites can kill tumor cells through collaborative chemo/photothermal/chemodynamic therapy (CDT).

Yi Ouyang ... Hui Liu

Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Drug Sci. 2023;1:18–30
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2023.00003
This article belongs to the special issue Emerging Nanomedicine Technologies for Enhanced Cancer Theranostics

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Aim:

The development of a collaborative strategy with improved efficacy holds great promise in tumor treatment. This study aims to develop an effective collaborative strategy based on functionalized mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanocomposites for killing tumor cells.

Methods:

MPDA nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with camptothecin (CPT) payload and manganese dioxide (MnO₂) coating to construct MPDA-CPT-MnO₂ nanocomposites.

Results:

When uptaken by tumor cells, the nanocomposites can degrade to produce O₂, release CPT, and generate manganese (Mn²⁺) under the stimulation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and acid. The released CPT and Mn²⁺ can act as chemotherapeutic drug and Fenton-like agent, respectively. Abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in 4T1 tumor cells through an Mn²⁺-mediated Fenton-like reaction. After that, the generated Mn⁴⁺ can react with glutathione (GSH) through redox reaction to produce Mn²⁺ and deplete GSH, disrupting the reducing capacity and benefiting the production of ROS in tumor cells. Under laser irradiation, the nanocomposites can generate hyperthermia to promote the production of ROS.

Conclusions:

The developed MPDA-CPT-MnO₂ nanocomposites can kill tumor cells through collaborative chemo/photothermal/chemodynamic therapy (CDT).

Open Access

Original Article

Convenient estimation of oxytetracycline and polymyxin B by a novel high-performance liquid chromatography method: development and validation
Aim: The aim of this research work was to develop a validated reversed-phase (RP)-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of oxytetracycline (OXY) and pol [...] Read more.

Aim:

The aim of this research work was to develop a validated reversed-phase (RP)-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of oxytetracycline (OXY) and polymixin B (PMB) in fixed-dose combination.

Methods:

The HPLC assay method was validated on X-Bridge C₁₈ [250 mm × 4.6 mm intradermal (i.d.), 5 μm], mobile phase consisting of aotearoa co-incidence network (ACN):water containing 0.5% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid (pH 3.5) in the ratio of 80:20 respectively. The flow rate was set at 0.9 mL/min and the column was maintained at room temperature. The RP-HPLC method was validated in terms of the calibration curve (CC), linearity and range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, robustness, and accuracy.

Results:

The method was found to be linear with a concentration range of 5–25 μg/mL. Precision results showed the developed method was found to be precise with a relative standard deviation [RSD (%)] value < 2. Accuracy showed acceptable recovery of prepared concentrations as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Moreover, the developed method was found to be robust and rugged, as per specified ranges. The assay of these two drugs in marketed formulation, i.e., Terramycin^® Ointment showed satisfactory recovery, as per ICH guidelines. The results proved that the method can be used for the routine-based estimation of OXY and PMB.

Conclusions:

Linear CC were obtained with a correlation coefficient (R² > 0.99) with acceptable results of accuracy and precision.

Graphical abstract.
Ultraviolet visible and HPLC method development

Tanu Chaudhary ... Dilpreet Singh

Published: February 24, 2023 Explor Drug Sci. 2023;1:6–17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2023.00002

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Aim:

The aim of this research work was to develop a validated reversed-phase (RP)-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of oxytetracycline (OXY) and polymixin B (PMB) in fixed-dose combination.

Methods:

The HPLC assay method was validated on X-Bridge C₁₈ [250 mm × 4.6 mm intradermal (i.d.), 5 μm], mobile phase consisting of aotearoa co-incidence network (ACN):water containing 0.5% (v/v) orthophosphoric acid (pH 3.5) in the ratio of 80:20 respectively. The flow rate was set at 0.9 mL/min and the column was maintained at room temperature. The RP-HPLC method was validated in terms of the calibration curve (CC), linearity and range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, robustness, and accuracy.

Results:

The method was found to be linear with a concentration range of 5–25 μg/mL. Precision results showed the developed method was found to be precise with a relative standard deviation [RSD (%)] value < 2. Accuracy showed acceptable recovery of prepared concentrations as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Moreover, the developed method was found to be robust and rugged, as per specified ranges. The assay of these two drugs in marketed formulation, i.e., Terramycin^® Ointment showed satisfactory recovery, as per ICH guidelines. The results proved that the method can be used for the routine-based estimation of OXY and PMB.

Conclusions:

Linear CC were obtained with a correlation coefficient (R² > 0.99) with acceptable results of accuracy and precision.

Graphical abstract.
Ultraviolet visible and HPLC method development

Open Access

Editorial

Drug discovery: a multifactorial ecosystem

Fernando Albericio

Published: January 01, 2023 Explor Drug Sci. 2023;1:1–5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/eds.2022.00001

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