Nutrition plays a central role in shaping human health, influencing the onset, progression, and management of a wide array of diseases. As global rates of chronic conditions—including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic disorders—continue to rise, the importance of understanding how dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and metabolic processes interact with biological systems has never been greater. Advances in molecular biology, microbiome research, and precision medicine are rapidly transforming the field, revealing complex relationships between nutrition, inflammation, immune function, and genetic predisposition. These developments highlight the potential of targeted nutritional strategies to prevent disease, optimize health outcomes, and complement conventional therapies.

At the same time, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies remain significant challenges worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These issues underscore the dual burden of malnutrition, where both deficiency and excess contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Emerging research continues to demonstrate that nutrition is not merely a lifestyle factor but a fundamental determinant of physiological resilience, developmental health, and longevity.

This Special Issue, Nutrition in Health and Disease, brings together cutting-edge research and review articles that explore the multifaceted connections between diet and human health. Topics include the molecular mechanisms linking nutrients to disease pathways, the role of the gut microbiome, dietary interventions for chronic illness, and the potential of precision nutrition to tailor treatments to individual needs. By showcasing interdisciplinary insights, this issue aims to advance understanding and inform evidence-based nutritional strategies that support health across the lifespan.

Keywords: Nutrition, malnutrition, diet, dietary patterns, metabolism, disease, health