Sirtuins are a family of NAD⁺-dependent class III histone deacetylases that regulate histones and other proteins. The mammalian sirtuins comprise seven members that have a role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, inflammation, cell survival, apoptosis, cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial production. Sirtuin modulation may have beneficial effects on aging and age-related diseases; thus, attracting a growing interest in discovering small molecules modifying their activity. A class of compounds both natural and chemically synthesized has emerged as sirtuin activators. This review discusses mammalian sirtuins in aging, the small molecules that activate sirtuins, modulation of sirtuin activity, and its impact in alleviating the effects of aging.

Throughout history, biopharmaceuticals have been essential in addressing health crises and enhancing human well-being. With advancements in genetic engineering, biotechnology, and bioinformatics, the development and approval rates of new biopharmaceuticals have surged, placing them at the forefront of the pharmaceutical field. Modern manufacturing processes and streamlined regulatory pathways have further expedited approval timelines, providing hope for previously untreatable conditions and significantly improving patients’ quality of life worldwide. However, despite these advancements, ambiguity persists regarding the definition of biopharmaceuticals due to the use of varied terms and a lack of standardized definitions. This article addresses this confusion by proposing a clear and comprehensive definition of biopharmaceuticals. Additionally, we present a reclassification of biopharmaceuticals into seven distinct verticals based on their functions. We assert that biopharmaceuticals not only offer superior therapeutic benefits for human health but also contribute to environmental sustainability, promoting a healthier planet. Thus, this article aims to clarify the scope of biopharmaceuticals and advocate for their broader adoption in the pursuit of global health and environmental integrity.