Exploration of Drug Science

Table 7. Summary of acid-hydrolyzed starch nanocrystals as direct compression fillers.

Material/source	Class/processing	Drug model/load	Flow/compression information	Tablet performance	Comparator	Conclusion	Reference
Tapioca/cassava starch	Acid-modified nanocrystalline starch	Not applicable	Not reported	Crushing strength 250 N; relative crystallinity 57.75%	Not reported	Acid hydrolysis increased crystallinity and tablet crushing strength.	[35]
Waxy and non-waxy rice starch	Spray-dried/agglomerated acid-modified starch excipient	Not applicable	Spherical particles; flow not fully reported; compression: 4 kN; single-punch rotary tablet machine	Crushing strength up to 158.9 N; friability: lower friability reported; disintegration/dissolution: disintegration time up to 16 min	Native starch/agglomerated starches	Hydrolysis and spherical agglomeration improved crystallinity, strength, friability, and disintegration behavior.	[56]
Acid-modified cross-linked tapioca starch	Spray-dried acid-modified starch excipient	Not applicable	Spherical particles; 42 µm; compression: flat-face tablet press	Crushing strength 64.75 N; relative crystallinity 52.9%; disintegration/dissolution: disintegration time < 4 min	Native/cross-linked tapioca starches	Acid hydrolysis plus spray drying improved tablet hardness and maintained short disintegration.	[63]
Dioscorea starches (white, bitter, Chinese, water yam)	Acid-modified starch excipient	Not applicable	Poor flowability reported; compression: eccentric tableting machine	Crushing strength: white 19.4 N, bitter 51.2 N, Chinese 149.6 N, water yam 26 N; disintegration/dissolution: acceptable disintegration times reported	Native Dioscorea starches	Acid modification improved solubility, crystallinity, compressibility, and crushing strength, although flow remained limited.	[26]
Fonio and sweet potato starches	Acid-modified starch excipient	Not applicable	Poor flow after 96 h; better flow after 24 h but lower crystallinity/hardness; compression: hydraulic press	Intact tablets formed at lower compression pressure	Native starches	Acid modification increased crystallinity and tablet strength, but flowability remained a limitation.	[55]
Dioscorea starch	Spray-dried acid-modified starch excipient	Paracetamol; up to 40% drug	Spray-dried powder free flowing; oven-dried sample poor flow; compression: eccentric tableting machine	Crushing strength 50.9 N; disintegration/dissolution: disintegration time < 7 min; lubricant sensitivity: lower lubricant sensitivity than oven-dried sample and Starch 1500^®	Oven-dried acid-modified starch; Starch 1500^®	Spray drying improved flow and reduced lubricant sensitivity while supporting paracetamol tablet formation.	[58]
Ethiopian potato starch	Spray-dried acid-modified starch excipient	Paracetamol; up to 50% drug	Good flow reported; compression: 15 ± 2 kN; single-punch tablet machine	Crushing strength approx. 85 N with 1% lubricant; higher compactibility; disintegration/dissolution: disintegration time < 15 min; lubricant sensitivity: lower lubricant sensitivity reported	Native potato starch; Starch 1500^®	Spray-dried acid-modified starch improved compactibility, flow, dilution capacity, and tablet strength versus comparators.	[59]
Tapioca starch [acid-/alkali-modified tapioca starches (ACMS/ALMS)]	Acid-modified and alkali-modified starch excipient	Propranolol; load not reported	Improved relative to native starch but still poor flow at 1 N HCl/NaOH; particle size 75–150 µm; compression: 4.9–12.3 MPa; hydraulic press	ACMS hardness 38.02 N; ALMS hardness 8.04 N; crystallinity 48.9–51.5%; disintegration/dissolution: similar disintegration and dissolution profiles	Native tapioca starch; alkali-modified starch	Acid-modified tapioca starch showed higher crystallinity and tablet hardness than alkali-modified starch, but flow remained limited.	[60]
Tapioca starch agglomerates with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)	Agglomerated/co-processed acid-modified starch excipient	Acetaminophen/propranolol; up to 30% drug	Good flow behavior; particle size 75–150 µm; compression: 4.9–12.3 MPa; hydraulic press	Increased tablet hardness; enhanced compressibility; disintegration/dissolution: PVP prolonged disintegration and reduced dissolution rate	Native starch agglomerates/modified starches	Agglomeration with PVP improved flow, compressibility, and drug-carrying capacity, but changed disintegration/dissolution behavior.	[62]
Taro Boloso-I starch	Spray-dried acid-modified starch excipient	Paracetamol; up to 30% drug	Good flow behavior; decreased moisture content; compression: single-punch tablet machine	Hardness 53.5 N; increased crystallinity to 45.33%; friability: lower friability reported; lubricant sensitivity: lower lubricant sensitivity reported	Native Taro Boloso-I starch; Starch 1500^®	Spray-dried acid-modified Taro Boloso-I starch improved flow, crystallinity, hardness, friability, and lubricant response.	[61]

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During the preparation of this work, the authors used Grammarly tool for language editing, grammar improvement, and formatting assistance. After utilizing the tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

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MF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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