Exploration of Drug Science

Table 5. Preparation methods of acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch.

Botanical source	Method/conditions	Time	Yield (%)	Particle size	Crystallinity (%)	Classification	Reference
Tapioca/cassava starch	Acid hydrolysis; 6% w/v HCl	32 days	Not reported	14.28–14.29 µm	57.75	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[35]
Waxy maize	Acid hydrolysis; 2.2 N HCl	42 days	5	20–40 nm	Not reported	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[36]
Waxy maize	Acid hydrolysis; 3.16 mol/L H₂SO₄	5 days	15.7	20–40 nm	Not reported	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[37]
Dioscorea starch	Acid hydrolysis; HCl; concentration not reported in table	16 days	37.4	18.2 µm	50.5–71.3	Acid-modified nanocrystalline starch	[39]
Dioscorea starch	Acid hydrolysis; HCl; concentration not reported in table	40 days	44.9	11.2 µm	67.7	Acid-modified nanocrystalline starch	[51]
Waxy maize	Acid hydrolysis; HCl; concentration not reported in table	32 days	35.8	9.4 nm	Not reported	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[52]
Waxy maize	Enzyme pretreatment + acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄; concentration not reported in table; enzyme pretreatment	45 h	15	50–100 nm	40	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[40]
Cassava starch	Acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄; concentration not reported in table	5 days	1.10	5–20 nm	Not reported	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[53]
Waxy maize	Ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄; concentration not reported in table; ultrasound pretreatment/assistance	45 min	21.6	< 100 nm	Not reported	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[41]
Cassava starch	Acid hydrolysis; 3.5 M H₂SO₄	10 h	85.66	30–70 nm	60.06	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[42]
Waxy potato	Enzyme pretreatment + acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄; concentration not reported in table; enzyme pretreatment	5 days	16.2	50–100 nm	50.8	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[44]
Waxy maize	Ball milling + acid hydrolysis; 3.12 mol/L H₂SO₄; ball milling	3 days	19.3	20–40 nm	47.7	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[43]
Waxy maize	Heat-moisture pretreatment + acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄ concentration not reported in table; heat-moisture pretreatment	4 days	26.7	30–50 nm	49.8	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[46]
Waxy maize	Dry-heated organic acid hydrolysis; oxalic acid; concentration not reported in table; dry heating	Not reported	89.6	46.6–197.5 nm	38.5	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[1]
Waxy potato	Supercritical CO₂ pretreatment + enzymatic hydrolysis; enzymatic hydrolysis; acid not reported; supercritical CO₂ pretreatment	Not reported	Not reported	20–150 nm	60.2	Nanocrystalline starch/nanostarch system	[47]
Waxy potato	Neutral dispersion and acidic precipitation; H₂SO₄; concentration not reported in table; neutral dispersion and acidic precipitation	Not reported	Not reported	< 750 nm	35.59–46.25	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[48]
Waxy maize	Mixed-acid hydrolysis; H₂SO₄ + HCl	1 h	Not reported	540–670 nm	> 32.1	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[49]
Waxy potato	Ethanol acid penetration + dry-heating treatment; ethanol-acid mixture; concentration reported as 10.6 mM in text; ethanol-acid penetration + dry heating	48 h	8.5	539.2 nm	61.22	Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch	[50]

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During the preparation of this work, the authors used Grammarly tool for language editing, grammar improvement, and formatting assistance. After utilizing the tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

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MF: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources, Supervision, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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