From:  Acid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch excipients for direct-compression tableting: a systematic review

 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

CriterionInclusion criteriaExclusion criteria
Article typeResearch articlesReviews, book chapters, conference abstracts, editorials, and non-research articles
Publication yearStudies published from 2000 to 2025Studies published before 2000
Material typeAcid-hydrolyzed nanocrystalline starch, starch nanocrystals, acid-modified starch with increased crystallinity, and related starch-based excipients relevant to tabletingStarch nanoparticles or nanostarch without evidence of crystallinity or crystalline domain preservation
CharacterizationStudies reporting relevant characterization such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), crystallinity, particle size, morphology, or physicochemical propertiesStudies lacking adequate characterization to distinguish nanocrystalline starch from amorphous starch nanoparticles
ApplicationsStudies related to pharmaceutical excipients, tablet fillers, direct compression, compactibility, compressibility, or tablet formulationStudies focused only on environmental, petroleum, textile, food, or non-pharmaceutical applications
Pharmaceutical relevanceStudies reporting flow, compression, tabletability, compactibility, hardness, tensile strength, friability, disintegration, or drug loading informationStudies not providing any pharmaceutical or excipient relevant data