The authors would like to express their thanks and appreciation to the Kayyali Chari of Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, for providing the chemicals and instruments for the study.
Author contributions
DHA: Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Formal analysis, Visualization. NMA: Investigation, Data curation. MAI: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. FKA, WAA, MAA, and HMM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
References
Gholap P, Bhosale D, Kumar A, Dahat B, Gaikwad V. A Review on Pharmaceutical Dosage Form: Detailed and Recent Advancement.IJARSCT. 2023;3:21–8. [DOI]
Ubhe TS, Gedam P. A Brief Overview on Tablet and It’s Types.J Adv Pharmacol. 2020;1:21–31.
Ono A, Nagaoka N, Marunaka S, Nomura Y, inventor; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, assignee. Film-Coated Scored Tablet.US8541024 B2. 2013 Sep 24.
Olgac S, Yilmaz Usta D, Incecayir T. Comparison of tablet splitting techniques for dosing accuracy of nebivolol tablets: Hand splitting versus tablet cutter and knife.Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29:1486–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jacques ER, Alexandridis P. Tablet Scoring: Current Practice, Fundamentals, and Knowledge Gaps.Appl Sci. 2019;9:3066. [DOI]
Zaid AN, Al-Ramahi R, Ghoush AA, Malkieh N, Kharoaf M. Influence of physical factors on tablet splitting, weight and content uniformity of atenolol tablets.J Pharm Investig. 2012;42:229–34. [DOI]
van Santen E, Barends DM, Frijlink HW. Breaking of scored tablets: a review.Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002;53:139–45. [DOI] [PubMed]
Masarone D, Martucci ML, Errigo V, Pacileo G. The Use of β-Blockers in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8:101. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Charoo NA, Shamsher AA, Lian LY, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Groot D, et al. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Bisoprolol Fumarate.J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:378–91. [DOI]
McGavin JK, Keating GM. Bisoprolol: a review of its use in chronic heart failure.Drugs. 2002;62:2677–96. [DOI] [PubMed]
Ladage D, Schwinger RH, Brixius K. Cardio-selective beta-blocker: pharmacological evidence and their influence on exercise capacity.Cardiovasc Ther. 2013;31:76–83. [DOI] [PubMed]
Fawell NG, Cookson TL, Scranton SS. Relationship between tablet splitting and compliance, drug acquisition cost, and patient acceptance.Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:2542–5. [DOI] [PubMed]
Panainte A, Agoroaei L, Bibire N, Tantaru G, Apostu M, Vieriu M, et al. A HPLC Method for the Determination of Bisoprolol in Tablets and its Application to a Bioequivalence Study.REV CHIM (Bucharest). 2015;66;1791–5.
Guidance for Industry Tablet Scoring: Nomenclature, Labeling, and Data for Evaluation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER); 2013.
Moore WJ, Flanner HH. Mathematical comparison of dissolution profiles.Pharm Technol. 1996;20:64–74.
Gibril ABH, Rudwan EH. Design of Optimized RP-HPLC Method for Quantitative Analysis of Bisoprolol Fumarate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form.Sch Int J Chem Mater Sci. 2023;6:91–9. [DOI]
United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). Chapter 711: Dissolution.In: United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary. Rockville, Md: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.; 2016.
Hill SW, Varker AS, Karlage K, Myrdal PB. Analysis of drug content and weight uniformity for half-tablets of 6 commonly split medications.J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15:253–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shah RB, Collier JS, Sayeed VA, Bryant A, Habib MJ, Khan MA. Tablet splitting of a narrow therapeutic index drug: a case with levothyroxine sodium.AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010;11:1359–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gerber A, Kohaupt I, Lauterbach KW, Buescher G, Stock S, Lungen M. Quantification and classification of errors associated with hand-repackaging of medications in long-term care facilities in Germany.Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008;6:212–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Helmy SA. Tablet splitting: is it worthwhile? Analysis of drug content and weight uniformity for half tablets of 16 commonly used medications in the outpatient setting.J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2015;21:76–86. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
