Exploration of Drug Science

Table 1. List of approved therapeutic antibodies.

Name	Format	Target	Indication	Approval
Muromonab*	FL-Body	CD3	Organ transplant rejection (heart, liver, kidney)	FDA (1986); EMA (1986); CECMED (1989); NMPA (1999)
IOR-T3	FL-Body	CD3	Organ transplant rejection	CECMED (1989); NMPA (1999)
Nebacumab*	Poly-Body	CD3	Gram-negative sepsis	EMA (1991)
(99m Tc) Fanolesomab	Poly-Body:Conjugate	CD15	Scintigraphic imaging of patients with equivocal signs and symptoms of appendicitis	FDA (2004)
Edrecolomab*	FL-Body	EpCAM	Colorectal cancer	EMA (1995)
Abciximab	Frag-Body	GPIIb/IIIa	Blood clotting	FDA (1994); EMA (1995)
Daclizumab*	FL-Body	IL-2R (CD25)	Organ transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis	FDA (1997); EMA (1999)
Rituximab	FL-Body	CD20	Rheumatoid arthritis, lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, systemic scleroderma	FDA (1997); EMA (1998); PMDA (2001); NMPA (2000); CDSCO (2002)
Infliximab	FL-Body	TNF-alpha	Crohnʼs disease, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet’s disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), plaque psoriasis, Kawasaki disease	FDA (1998); EMA (1998); NMPA(2006); PMDA (2002); CDSCO (2013)
Trastuzumab	FL-Body	HER2	Breast and gastric cancer	FDA (1998); EMA (1998); CDSCO (2012)
Palivizumab	FL-Body	RSV-F	Prevention of respiratory syncytial viral infection	FDA (1998); EMA (1999)
Basiliximab	FL-Body	IL-2R (CD25)	Organ (kidney, liver) transplant rejection	FDA (1998); EMA (1998); PMDA (2002); NMPA (2004); CDSCO (1999)
Etanercept	Frag-Body	TNF-alpha	Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis	FDA (1998); EMA (2000); PMDA (2005); NMPA (2010); CDSCO (2012)
(99m Tc) Arcitumomab	Frag-Body:Conjugate	Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Diagnosis of CEA expression in cancer	FDA (1999)
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD33	Acute myelogenous leukemia	FDA (2017); PMDA (2005); EMA (2018);
Wut3	FL-Body	CD3	Organ transplant rejection	NMPA (2010)
Alemtuzumab	FL-Body	CD52	Lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis	FDA (2001); EMA (2001); PMDA (2014)
Adalimumab	FL-Body	TNF-alpha	Ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, IBD	FDA (2002); EMA (2003); PMDA (2008); NMPA (2010); CDSCO (2014)
Ibritumomab tiuxetan	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD20	Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, relapsed or refractory, low-grade or follicular NHL	FDA (2002); EMA (2004); CDSCO (2017)
Tositumomab-I131^*	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD20	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	FDA (2003)
Omalizumab	FL-Body	IgE	Allergic asthma, urticaria	FDA (2003); EMA (2005); PMDA (2006); CDSCO (2015); NMPA (2017)
Efalizumab^*	FL-Body	Integrin subunit alpha L (ITGAL) or CD11a	Psoriasis	FDA (2003); EMA (2004)
Anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibody (ENBOKE)	FL-Body	IL-8	Atopic dermatitis, pustular psoriasis	NMPA (2003)
Alefacept^*	Frag-Body	CD2	Psoriasis	FDA (2003)
Cetuximab	FL-Body	EGFR	Colorectal, head and neck cancer	FDA (2004); EMA (2004); PMDA (2008); NMPA (2020); CDSCO (2006)
Bevacizumab	FL-Body	VEGF-A	Colorectal, breast, cervical, liver, ovarian, renal cancer	FDA (2004); EMA (2005); CDSCO (2005); PMDA (2007); NMPA (2010)
Natalizumab	FL-Body	Integrin subunit alpha 4 (ITGA4)	Multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease	FDA (2004); EMA (2006); PMDA (2014); CDSCO (2018)
Tocilizumab	FL-Body	IL-6R	Rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman’s disease, vasculitis, drug hypersensitivity, SARS-CoV-2, scleroderma	FDA (2010); EMA (2009); PMDA (2005); CDSCO (2009); NMPA (2013)
Abatacept	Frag-Body	CD80, CD86	Psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, graft versus host disease	FDA (2005); EMA (2007); PMDA (2010); NMPA (2020)
Panitumumab	FL-Body	EGFR	Colorectal cancer	FDA (2006); EMA (2007); PMDA (2010); CDSCO (2017)
I131 derlotuximab biotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	DNA/Histone H1	Lung cancer	NMPA (2006)
I131 metuximab	Frag-Body:Conjugate	CD147	Liver cancer	NMPA (2006)
Nimotuzumab	FL-Body	EGFR	Head & neck cancer, anaplastic astrocytoma, brain & esophageal cancer, glioma	CECMED (2006); CDSCO (2006); NMPA (2012)
Ranibizumab	Frag-Body	VEGF-A	Macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy	FDA (2006); EMA (2007); PMDA (2009); NMPA (2010); CDSCO (2007)
Eculizumab	FL-Body	C5	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica, hemolytic uremic syndrome	FDA (2007); EMA (2007); PMDA (2010); NMPA (2018)
Rilonacept	Frag-Body	IL-1	Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, an inborn genetic disorder, pericarditis	FDA (2008)
Certolizumab pegol	Frag-Body:Conjugate	TNF-alpha	Psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and ankylosing spondylitis	FDA (2008); EMA (2009); PMDA (2012); NMPA (2019)
Romiplostim	Frag-Body	Thrombopoietin receptor (TPOR)	Aplastic anemia, acute radiation syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura	FDA (2008); EMA (2009); PMDA (2011); NMPA (2022)
Canakinumab	FL-Body	IL-1β	Muckle-wells syndrome, adult-onset still’s disease, gouty arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis	FDA (2009); EMA (2009); PMDA (2011); CDSCO (2011)
Catumaxomab^*	Poly-Body	CD3/EpCAM	Malignant ascites	EMA (2009)
Ustekinumab	FL-Body	IL-12/23	Psoriatic, IBD	FDA (2009); EMA (2009); PMDA (2011); NMPA (2017)
Ofatumumab	FL-Body	CD20	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple sclerosis	FDA (2009); EMA (2010); PMDA (2013); NMPA (2021); CDSCO (2016)
Golimumab	FL-Body	TNF-alpha	Rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, UC, axial spondyloarthritis	FDA (2009); EMA (2009); PMDA (2011); CDSCO (2014); NMPA (2017)
Denosumab	FL-Body	RANKL	Bone loss, rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastases, bone cancer, malignant hypercalcaemia, osteoporosis	FDA (2010); EMA (2010); PMDA (2012); CDSCO (2017); NMPA (2019)
Brentuximab vedotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD30	Hodgkin lymphoma, large T-cell lymphoma, Sezary syndrome, Mycosis fungoides,	FDA (2011); EMA (2012); PMDA (2014); NMPA (2020)
Belatacept	Frag-Body	CD80, CD86	Renal transplant rejection	FDA (2011); EMA (2011); CDSCO (2012)
Aflibercept	Frag-Body	VEGF	Colorectal cancer, retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema	FDA (2011); EMA (2012); PMDA (2012); NMPA (2018)
Belimumab	FL-Body	BAFF	Systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis	FDA (2011); EMA (2011); PMDA (2017); NMPA (2022)
Ipilimumab	FL-Body	CTLA-4	Metastatic melanoma, liver cancer, renal cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2011); EMA (2011); PMDA (2015); NMPA (2021)
Pertuzumab	FL-Body	HER2	Breast cancer	FDA (2012); EMA (2013); PMDA (2013); NMPA (2018)
Raxibacumab	FL-Body	Bacillus anthracis protective antigen	Anthrax infection	FDA (2012)
Mogamulizumab	FL-Body	CCR4	Mycosis fungoides, T-cell lymphoma	FDA (2018); PMDA (2012); EMA (2018)
Trastuzumab emtansine	FL-Body:Conjugate	HER2	Breast cancer	FDA (2013); EMA (2013); NMPA (2020); PMDA (2013)
Obinutuzumab	FL-Body	CD20	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	FDA (2013); EMA (2014); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2021)
Conbercept	Frag-Body	VEGF	Macular degeneration	NMPA (2013)
Itolizumab	FL-Body	CD6	CRS (cytokine release syndrome), plaque psoriasis, SARS-CoV 2	CDSCO (2013)
Blinatumomab	Poly-Body	CD19/CD3	Acute lymphoblastic leukemia	FDA (2014); EMA (2015); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2020)
Pembrolizumab	FL-Body	PD-1	Breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, liver, head & neck, lung, pancreatic, urogenital, cancer, and B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, malignant lymphoma	FDA (2014); EMA (2015); PMDA (2016); CDSCO (2016); NMPA (2018)
Eftrenonacog alfa	Frag-Body	Factor IX	Hemophilia B	FDA (2014); PMDA (2014); EMA (2016); NMPA (2021)
Vedolizumab	FL-Body	α4β7 integrin	Inflammatory bowel disease	FDA (2014); EMA (2014); CDSCO (2016); PMDA (2018)
Secukinumab	FL-Body	IL-17A	Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2014); CDSCO (2015); NMPA (2019)
Ramucirumab	FL-Body	VEGFR-2	Liver, gastric, colorectal, and non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2014); EMA (2014); PMDA (2015); CDSCO (2016); NMPA (2022)
Efmoroctocog alfa	Frag-Body	Factor VIII (FVIII)	Hemophilia A	FDA (2014); EMA (2015); PMDA (2014)
Siltuximab	FL-Body	IL-6	Multicentric Castleman’s disease	FDA (2014); EMA (2014); NMPA (2021); CDSCO (2016)
Nivolumab	FL-Body	PD-1	Melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, renal carcinoma, head and neck cancer, mesothelioma	FDA (2014); EMA (2015); PMDA (2014); CDSCO (2016); NMPA (2019)
Elotuzumab	FL-Body	SLAMF7 (SLAM family member 7)	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2015); EMA (2016); PMDA (2016)
Alirocumab	FL-Body	PCSK9 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)	High cholesterol, hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2016)
Axicabtagene ciloleucel	Frag-Body	CD19	Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL)	FDA (2022); EMA (2015)
Mepolizumab	FL-Body	IL-5	Asthma	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2016); CDSCO (2018); NMPA (2021)
Necitumumab	FL-Body	EGFR	Non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2015); EMA (2016); PMDA (2019)
Idarucizumab	Frag-Body	Dabigatran	Reversal of dabigatran-induced anticoagulation	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2016); NMPA (2018); CDSCO (2017)
Dinutuximab	Frag-Body	GD2	Neuroblastoma	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2021); NMPA (2021)
Daratumumab	FL-Body	CD38	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2015); EMA (2016); PMDA (2017); CDSCO (2017); NMPA (2019)
Evolocumab	FL-Body	PCSK9	Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, coronary artery disease, stroke	FDA (2015); EMA (2015); PMDA (2016); CDSCO (2017); NMPA (2018)
Atezolizumab	FL-Body	PD-L1	Bladder, liver, lung, urogenital cancer	FDA (2016); EMA (2017); CDSCO (2017); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2020)
Olaratumab^*	FL-Body	PDGFRA	Soft tissue sarcoma	FDA (2016); EMA (2016)
Bezlotoxumab	FL-Body	Clostridium difficile Toxin B	Prevention of C. difficile infection recurrence	FDA (2016); EMA (2017); PMDA (2017)
Ixekizumab	FL-Body	IL-17A	Plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pustular psoriasis, non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis	FDA (2016); EMA (2016); PMDA (2016); NMPA (2019)
Brodalumab	FL-Body	IL-17R	Plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pustular psoriasis, axial spondylarthritis, erythrodermic psoriasis	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2016); NMPA (2020)
SII rmab	FL-Body	Rabies virus GP	Post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies	CDSCO (2016)
Reslizumab	FL-Body	IL-5	Asthma	FDA (2016); EMA (2016)
Obiltoxaximab	FL-Body	B. anthracis PA	Anthrax infection	FDA (2016); EMA (2020)
Inotuzumab ozogamicin	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD22	Hematological malignancy	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2018); CDSCO (2018); NMPA (2021)
Sarilumab	FL-Body	IL-6R	Rheumatoid arthritis	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2017); HC (2017)
Dupilumab	FL-Body	IL-4R alpha	Atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, asthma, nasal polyps	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2020)
Durvalumab	FL-Body	PD-L1	Bladder cancer, lung cancer	FDA (2017); EMA (2018); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2019)
Idecabtagene vicleucel	Frag-Body	BCMA	Refractory multiple myeloma	FDA (2021)
Avelumab	FL-Body	PD-L1	Merkel cell carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, urogenital cancer	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2017)
Emicizumab	Poly-Body	Factor IXa/X	Hemophilia A	FDA (2017); CDSCO (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2018)
Benralizumab	FL-Body	IL-5R alpha subunit	Asthma	FDA (2017); EMA (2018); PMDA (2018)
Ocrelizumab	FL-Body	CD20	Multiple sclerosis	FDA (2017); EMA (2018)
Guselkumab	FL-Body	IL-23p19 subunit	Plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, palmoplantar pustulosis, erythrodermic psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis	FDA (2017); EMA (2017); PMDA (2018); NMPA (2019)
Erenumab	FL-Body	CGRP-R (Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor)	Migraine prevention	FDA (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2021)
Ravulizumab	FL-Body	C5	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, myasthenia gravis, haemolytic	FDA (2018); EMA (2019); PMDA (2019)
Moxetumomab pasudotox^*	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD22	Hairy cell leukemia	FDA (2018); EMA (2021)
Fremanezumab	FL-Body	CGRP	Migraine prevention	FDA (2018); EMA (2019); PMDA (2021)
Sintilimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Non-small cell lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma	NMPA (2018)
Ibalizumab	FL-Body	CD4	HIV infection	FDA (2018); EMA (2019)
Galcanezumab	FL-Body	CGRP	Migraine prevention, cluster headache	FDA (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2021)
Tildrakizumab	FL-Body	IL-23p19	Plaque psoriasis	FDA (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2020)
Emapalumab	FL-Body	IFN-γ	Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis	FDA (2018); NMPA (2022)
Cemiplimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2018); EMA (2019)
Toripalimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, urogenital cancer, malignant melanoma	NMPA (2018); FDA (2023); EMA (2024)
Caplacizumab	Frag-Body	vWF (von Willebrand Factor)	Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	FDA (2019); EMA (2018)
Lanadelumab	FL-Body	Plasma kallikrein	Hereditary angioedema attacks	FDA (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2022); NMPA (2020)
Burosumab	FL-Body	FGF23	X-linked hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia	FDA (2018); EMA (2018); PMDA (2019); NMPA (2021)
Tislelizumab	FL-Body	PD-1	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, liver cancer, urogenital cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma	FDA (2024); EMA (2023); NMPA (2019)
Risankizumab	FL-Body	IL-23p19	Plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease	FDA (2019); EMA (2019); PMDA (2019)
Trastuzumab deruxtecan	FL-Body:Conjugate	HER2	Breast and gastric cancer	FDA (2019); EMA (2021); PMDA (2020)
Brolucizumab	Frag-Body	VEGF-A	Macular degeneration	FDA (2019); EMA (2020); PMDA (2020)
Crizanlizumab	FL-Body	P-selectin	Vaso-occlusive crisis	FDA (2019)
Enfortumab vedotin (PADCEV)	FL-Body:Conjugate	Nectin-4	Urogenital cancer	FDA (2019); EMA (2022); PMDA (2021)
Romosozumab	FL-Body	Sclerostin	Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at risk of fracture, male osteoporosis	FDA (2019); EMA (2019); PMDA (2019)
Efgartigimod alfa	Frag-Body	FcRn	Myasthenia gravis	FDA (2021); EMA (2022); PMDA (2022)
Camrelizumab	FL-Body	PD-1	Advanced renal cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer	NMPA (2019)
Polatuzumab vedotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD79b	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	FDA (2019); EMA (2020); PMDA (2021)
Luspatercept	Frag-Body	TGF-β	Beta-thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndrome	FDA (2019); EMA (2020); NMPA (2022)
Rabimabs	Poly-Body	Rabies virus GP (glycoprotein)	Rabies virus infection	CDSCO (2019)
Netakimab	FL-Body	IL-17A	Plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis	MoH RF (2019)
Racotumomab	FL-Body	NeuGcGM3	Recurrent or advanced non-small cell lung cancer	CECMED (2013); ANMAT (2013)
Pabinafusp alfa	FL-Body:Conjugate	Transferrin receptor	Mucopolysaccharidosis II	PMDA (2021)
Inebilizumab	FL-Body	CD19	Neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders	FDA (2020); NMPA (2022); PMDA (2021)
Teprotumumab	FL-Body	IGF-1R (insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor)	Thyroid eye disease (Graves’ orbitopathy)	FDA (2020)
Sacituzumab govitecan	FL-Body:Conjugate	TROP-2	Urogenital and breast cancer	FDA (2020); EMA (2021); NMPA (2022)
Atoltivimab + Odesivimab + Maftivimab (INMAZEB)	Poly-Body	Ebola virus glycoprotein	Ebola virus infection	FDA (2020)
Cetuximab sarotalocan	FL-Body:Conjugate	EGFR	Head and neck cancer	PMDA (2020)
Isatuximab	FL-Body	CD38	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2020); EMA (2020); PMDA (2020)
Belantamab mafodotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	BCMA	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2025); EMA (2025)
Levilimab	FL-Body	IL-6R	COVID-19, rheumatoid arthritis	Russia (2020)
Margetuximab	FL-Body	HER2	Breast cancer	FDA (2020)
Satralizumab	FL-Body	IL-6R	Neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders	FDA (2020); EMA (2021); PMDA (2020); HC (2020); NMPA (2021)
Tafasitamab	FL-Body	CD19	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	FDA (2020); EMA (2021)
Naxitamab	FL-Body	GD2	High-risk neuroblastoma and refractory osteomedullary disease	FDA (2020)
Ansuvimab	FL-Body	Ebola virus glycoprotein	Ebola infection	FDA (2020)
Eptinezumab	FL-Body	CGRP	Migraine prevention	FDA (2020); EMA (2022)
Prolgolimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Melanoma	Russia (2020)
Olokizumab	FL-Body	IL-6	Rheumatoid arthritis, COVID-19	Russia (2020)
Penpulimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma	FDA (2025); NMPA (2021)
Dostarlimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Endometrial cancer is a solid cancer	FDA (2021); EMA (2021)
Evinacumab	FL-Body	ANGPTL3	Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia	FDA (2021); EMA (2021)
Sugemalimab	FL-Body	PD-L1	Non-small cell lung cancer	NMPA (2021)
Envafolimab	Frag-Body	PD-L1	Solid tumors	NMPA (2021)
Telitacicept	Frag-Body	BAFF	Systemic lupus erythematosus	NMPA (2021)
Regdanvimab^*	FL-Body	SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 infection	EMA (2021); ANVISA (2021)
Amubarvimab + Romlusevimab	Poly-Body	SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 infection	NMPA (2021)
Brexucabtagene autoleucel	Frag-Body	CD19	Relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia	FDA (2020); EMA (2020)
Amivantamab	Poly-Body	EGFR/c-Met	Non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2021); EMA (2021)
Zimberelimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Hodgkin’s lymphoma	NMPA (2021)
Bimekizumab	FL-Body	IL-17A/IL-17F	Plaque psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis	FDA (2023); EMA (2021); PMDA (2022)
Loncastuximab tesirine	FL-Body:Conjugate	CD19	Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	FDA (2021); EMA (2022)
Tisotumab vedotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	TF (tissue factor)	Cervical cancer	FDA (2021)
Tralokinumab	FL-Body	IL-13	Atopic dermatitis	FDA (2021); EMA (2021)
Tezepelumab	FL-Body	TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin)	Severe asthma	FDA (2021); EMA (2022)
Aducanumab	FL-Body	Amyloid beta	Alzheimer’s disease	FDA (2021)
Disitamab vedotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	HER2	Gastric and urothelial cancer	NMPA (2021)
Sotrovimab^*	FL-Body	SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 infection	EMA (2021); PMDA (2021)
Casirivimab + Imdevimab^*	Poly-Body	SARS-CoV-2	COVID-19 infection	EMA (2021)
Anifrolumab	FL-Body	IFNAR-1 (Interferon alpha receptor-1)	Systemic lupus erythematosus	FDA (2021); EMA (2022); PMDA (2021)
Faricimab	Poly-Body	VEGF-A/ANG-2	Diabetic macular edema and wet age-related macular degeneration	FDA (2022); EMA (2022); PMDA (2022)
Teplizumab	FL-Body	CD3	Delayed onset of type 1 diabetes	FDA (2022); EMA (2026)
Cadonilimab	Poly-Body	CTLA-4/PD-1	Cervical cancer	NMPA (2022)
Ublituximab	FL-Body	CD20	Multiple sclerosis	FDA (2022); EMA (in review)
Ormutivimab	FL-Body	Rabies virus GP (glycoprotein)	Rabies virus prophylaxis	NMPA (2022)
Tisagenlecleucel (KYMRIAH)	Frag-Body	CD19	Relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma, ALL, DLBCL, FL	FDA (2022); EMA (2018)
Tremelimumab	FL-Body	CTLA-4	Liver cancer	FDA (2022); EMA (2023); PMDA (2022)
Lisocabtagene maraleucel	Frag-Body	CD19	DLBCL, PMBCL, FL3B	FDA (2021); EMA (2022)
Mirvetuximab soravtansine	FL-Body:Conjugate	Folate receptor alpha	Ovarian cancer	FDA (2022)
Spesolimab	FL-Body	IL-36R	Generalized pustular psoriasis	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Sutimlimab	FL-Body	C1s	Cold agglutinin disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Mosunetuzumab-axgb	Poly-Body	CD20/CD3	Follicular lymphoma	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Nirsevimab	FL-Body	RSV	RSV infection	FDA (2023); EMA (2022)
Nemolizumab	FL-Body	IL-31RA	Atopic dermatitis	PMDA (2022); FDA (2024); EMA (2025)
Relatlimab + Nivolumab	Poly-Body	LAG-3/PD-1	Melanoma	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Tixagevimab + Cilgavimab^*	FL-Body	SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	Covid infection	EMA (2022)
Serplulimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Solid cancer, lung cancer	NMPA (2022)
Teclistamab	Poly-Body	BCMA/CD3	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Ozoralizumab	Poly-Body	TNF-alpha/albumin	Rheumatoid arthritis	FDA (in review); PMDA (2022)
Tebentafusp	Poly-Body	CD3 and GP100	Metastatic uveal melanoma	FDA (2022); EMA (2022)
Retifanlimab	FL-Body	PD-1	Metastatic or recurrent locally advanced Merkel cell carcinoma	FDA (2023)
Lecanemab	FL-Body	Amyloid beta protofibrils	Alzheimer’s disease	FDA (2023); EMA (in review)
Mirikizumab	FL-Body	IL-23p19	Inflammatory bowel disease	PMDA (2023)
Rozanolixizumab	FL-Body	FcRn	Myasthenia gravis	FDA (2023); EMA (2024); PMDA (2023)
Talquetamab	Poly-Body	GPCR- 5D and CD3	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2023); EMA (2023)
Epcoritamab	Poly-Body	CD20 and CD3	B-cell lymphoma	FDA (2023); EMA (2023)
Lebrikizumab	FL-Body	IL-13	Atopic dermatitis	FDA (2024); EMA (2023)
Glofitamab	Poly-Body	CD20 and CD3	B-cell lymphoma	FDA (2023); EMA (2023)
Elranatamab	Poly-Body	BCMA and CD3	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2023); EMA (2023)
Pozelimab	FL-Body	C5	CD55-deficient protein-losing enteropathy (CHAPLE) disease	FDA (2023)
Narsoplimab	FL-Body	MASP-2	Hematopoietic stem cell transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA)	FDA (2025)
Donanemab	FL-Body	Amyloid beta	Alzheimer’s disease	FDA (2024); EMA (2025)
Cosibelimab	FL-Body	PD-L1	Squamous cell carcinoma	FDA (2024)
Concizumab	FL-Body	Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)	Hemophilia A or B	FDA (2024); EMA (2024); PMDA (2023)
Crovalimab	FL-Body	C5	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	FDA (2024); EMA (2024)
Odronextamab	Poly-Body	CD20, CD3	Follicular lymphoma	EMA (2024)
Zolbetuximab	FL-Body	Claudin 18.2	Gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma	FDA (2024); EMA (2024)
Vilobelimab	FL-Body	C5a	SARS-CoV-2-induced septic acute respiratory distress syndrome	FDA (2025)
Garadacimab	FL-Body	Factor XIIa	Hereditary angioedema	FDA (2025); EMA (2025)
Marstacimab	FL-Body	TFPI	Hemophilia	FDA (2024); EMA (2024)
Tarlatamab	Poly-Body	DLL3 and CD3	Small-cell lung cancer	FDA (2025)
Axatilimab	FL-Body	CSF-1R	Graft-versus-host disease	FDA (2024)
Linvoseltamab	Poly-Body	BCMA and CD3	Multiple myeloma	FDA (2025); EMA (2025)
Zanidatamab	Poly-Body	HER2	Biliary tract cancers	FDA (2024); EMA (2025)
Zenocutuzumab	Poly-Body	HER2 and HER3	NRG1+ non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancer	FDA (2024)
Datopotamab deruxtecan	FL-Body:Conjugate	TROP-2	Breast cancer	FDA (2025); EMA (2025)
Nipocalimab	FL-Body	FcRn	Generalized myasthenia gravis	FDA (2025); EMA (2025)
Clesrovimab	FL-Body	RSV	RSV infection	FDA (2025)
Sibeprenlimab	FL-Body	APRIL	Nephropathy proteinuria	FDA (2025)
Telisotuzumab vedotin	FL-Body:Conjugate	cMET	Non-small cell lung cancer	FDA (2025)
Depemokimab	FL-Body	IL-5	Asthma with type 2 inflammation and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps	FDA (2025)

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* Indicates antibodies withdrawn from the market due to one or more reasons such as clinical failure, loss of efficacy, severe side effects, or commercial reasons. FDA: Food and Drug Administration; EMA: European Medicines Agency; PMDA: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; NMPA: National Medical Products Administration; CDSCO: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization; CECMED: Centro para el Control Estatal de Medicamentos, Equipos y Dispositivos Médicos; HC: Health Canada; MoH RF: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; ANMAT: National Administration of Drugs, Food and Medical Devices. FL-Bodies: full-length antibodies; Frag-Bodies: antibody fragments; Poly-Body: polyspecific and polyvalent antibody; ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia; DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FL: follicular lymphoma; FL3B: follicular lymphoma grade 3B; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PMBCL: primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), India for providing Sandeep with a senior research fellowship (ICMR-SRFship, 45/08/2022-DDI/BMS).

Author contributions

AHP: Writing—original draft, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. Sandeep: Writing—original draft, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition. JA: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This study was funded by the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) under the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India (grant number—BT/PR/62235/MRNAR/169/15/2025). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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