Exploration of Drug Science

Table 1. Pharmacological and medicinal activities of identified phytochemicals in S. undulata (phenolic acids and flavonoids in Scorzonera species) [12].

Compound name	Pharmacological/medicinal activities
Quinic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, cardioprotective.
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral.
Gallic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial.
Protocatechuic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anticancer.
Chlorogenic acid	Potent antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, anti-obesity.
Caffeic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective.
Syringic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, cardioprotective.
p-Coumaric acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic.
Ferulic acid	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anticancer.
Rosmarinic acid	Strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective.
Cinnamic acid	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic.
Rutin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective, anticancer, cardioprotective.
Quercetin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, antiviral.
Hyperoside	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective.
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	Strong antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective.
Naringin	Antioxidant, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory.
Quercitrin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer.
Apigenin	Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytoprotective, neuroprotective.
Kaempferol	Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, neuroprotective.
Naringenin	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, anticancer.
Apigenin-7-O-glucoside	Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective.

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Author contributions

SDB and SSM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Resources. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

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Not applicable.

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