Key mechanistic insights and quantitative findings from Wu et al. [148], 2024.
| Disease/Target | Vaccine strategy | Key outcomes (quantitative) | Mechanistic insight |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer’s (Aβ vaccines ACI-24, UB-311, ABvac40) | Peptide/Liposome/DNA vaccines | UB-311: 97% antibody responder rate, maintained at 93% after 3 years. ACI-24 reduced Aβ plaques in APP mice. | Induces humoral immunity, decreases extracellular Aβ burden. |
| Alzheimer’s (tau vaccines) | Phospho-tau peptide vaccines (ACI-35, AADvac1) | Phase Ib/IIa trial: 6-fold higher tau-epitope antibody affinity vs. natural isoforms. | Clears tau aggregates, reduces NFT accumulation. |
| Type 2 diabetes (IL-1β vaccines) | VLP-coupled IL-1β | Human trial: robust neutralizing antibody titers after 6 injections. | Suppresses IL-1β-driven inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity. |
| Hypertension (Ang II vaccine CYT006-AngQb) | Ang II peptide + VLPs | Human trial: −9/−4 mmHg reduction in daytime ambulatory BP. | Neutralizes Ang II, downregulates RAS-mediated vasoconstriction. |
| Atherosclerosis (ApoB, PCSK9 vaccines) | Peptide vaccines | Mouse models: significant plaque reduction and PCSK9 decrease. | Enhances LDL receptor recycling and reduces lipid accumulation. |
| AAA (AT1R vaccine) | ATRQβ-001 | Decreased MMP-2/9 activity; reduced aneurysmal dilation. | Blocks AT1R signaling → reduced vascular inflammation. |
| OA (NGF vaccine) | NGF-VLP | Anti-NGF titers 103; reversal of pain in mice. | Reduces NGF-mediated nociception. |
| Senolytic vaccines (CD153, GPNMB) | Peptide vaccines | CD153 vaccine: improved glucose tolerance in obese mice; GPNMB vaccine: reduced plaques, increased lifespan in progeria mice. | ADCC-mediated senescent cell clearance; reduced SASP cytokines. |
MMP: matrix metalloproteinases; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype.
The authors thank Lusaka Apex Medical University, School of Health Sciences, and Faculty of Medicine, for their academic and institutional support towards the completion of this manuscript.
CWS: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JM: Data curation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. SKD: Methodology, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. AC: Data curation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. LS: Validation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. KM: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The dataset used during the study is available from the corresponding author upon request.
No funding was received for this manuscript.
© The Author(s) 2026.
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