We extracted biomarker data associated with each pathway to contextualize mechanistic evidence (e.g., IRS-1, GLUT4 for PI3K/AKT; ACC phosphorylation for AMPK).
| Variable | Description | Source example (Entry #) |
|---|---|---|
| Plant/Phytoconstituent | Ficus deltoidea, Curcumin | #1, #101 |
| Study type | In vitro, in vivo, in silico, or combined | #6 (in vitro), #54 (in vivo) |
| Diabetes model | STZ rats, HFD mice, computational targets | #1 (STZ-NA rats), #2 (HFD) |
| Molecular target | PI3K/AKT, PTP1B, PPARγ, α-glucosidase | #12 (IRS-1/AKT), #102 (α-amylase) |
| Key outcomes | ↓ Glucose, ↑ insulin sensitivity, and ↓ inflammation | #3 (↓ glucose), #46 (↑ insulin sensitivity) |
ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4; HFD: high-fat diet; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K/AKT: phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PTP1B: protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; STZ: streptozotocin.
The supplementary table for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1008139_sup_1.xlsx.
This review benefited from insightful feedback provided by Dr. Kusum Dua, Prof. Asma Wasim, and Timothy G. Leaks (MSc), at the Department of Health Science at the University of the People, whose critical comments helped improve the clarity and depth of our analysis.
CPI: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. ESMT: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. EFE: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Resources, Software, Writing—original draft. MRI: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Software, Validation, Writing—original draft. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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The primary data for this review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Europe PMC. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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