Methodology to determine phytochemical properties [33–39]
Phytochemical
Methodology
Tannins
Few drops of 5% ferric chloride (CAS-7758-94-3) were added to 0.5 mL of WE. The color change to greenish black was observed.
Saponins
Into 0.5 mL of WE, 2 mL of DW was added, shaken vigorously for a few minutes. The formation of foam was observed.
Amino acid
Into a test containing 0.5 mL of WE, 0.5 mL of ninhydrin solution (CAS-485-47-2) was added. The mixture was heated in the water bath for 20 min, and purple color change was observed.
Alkaloid
Into 0.5 mL of WE, 3 drops of Mayer’s reagent were added (CAS-7789-99-3). The formation of yellowish precipitate was observed.
Reducing sugar
Into 0.5 mL of WEs, 1 mL of Benedict’s reagent (CAS-63126-89-6) was added and boiled in a water bath. The color change from green to red was observed.
Anthocyanin
Into 0.5 mL WEs, 0.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (CAS-7647-01-0) was added. The change of color to red/purple was observed.
Phenols
Into 0.5 mL of WEs, few drops of 10% ferric chloride (CAS-7758-94-3) were added. The color change to a green-blue or violet was observed.
Phlobatannins
Into 0.5 mL of WEs, 0.333 µL of hydrochloric acid (CAS-7758-94-3) was added. The formation of white precipitate was observed.
Starch
Into 0.5 mL of WEs, few drops of iodine reagent (CAS-7553-56-2) were added. The color change to blue-black was observed.
Flavonoids
Into 0.5 mL of WEs,125 µL of aluminum chloride (CAS-7446-70-0) was added. The color change to yellow was observed.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Funding
Authors thank BMS Campus for funding. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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