Exploration of Drug Science

Table 4. Peptides of AMA-1, their sequence and in vitro invasion inhibition with 200 μM

Peptide	AA	Sequence*	Invasion inhibition (% ± SD)
4313	20	¹³⁴DAEVAGTQYRLPSGKCPVFG¹⁵³	72 ± 5
4315	20	¹⁷⁴QYLKDGGFAFPPTEPLMSPM¹⁹³	ND
4316	20	¹⁹⁴TLDEMRHFYKDNKYVKNLDE²¹³	ND
4321	20	²⁹⁴VVDNWEKVCPRKNLQNAKFG³¹³	ND
4322	20	³¹⁴LWVDGNCEDIPHVNEFSAIDY³³³	ND
4325	20	³⁷⁴MIKSAFLPTGAFKADRYKSH³⁹³	111 ± 13
4328	20	⁴³⁴PIEVEHNFPCSLYKNEIMKE⁴⁵³	ND
4337	20	⁶⁰³WGEEKRASHTTPVLMEKPYY⁶²²	104 ± 7

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* The bolded residues are variable residues across different strains; red is for Dd2, orange is for 3D7, yellow is for 7G8, purple is for two or more strains (Dd2, 3D7, 7G8). AMA-1: apical membrane antigen-1; ND: not determined; AA: aminoacids

Declarations

Acknowledgments

This review is dedicated to the memory of our esteemed mentor, Prof. Manuel E. Patarroyo, whose visionary leadership, unwavering dedication to scientific inquiry, and invaluable mentorship were instrumental in shaping the research that we have summarized and reviewed here. His profound contributions to immunology and malaria research have left an enduring legacy that continues to inspire future generations of scientists. Sadly, Prof. Patarroyo passed away during the preparation of this manuscript, but his impact on the field and his relentless pursuit of knowledge will always be remembered. This dedication also extends to the many scientists from FIDIC and the former Instituto de Inmunología, who, despite numerous challenges, persevered with unwavering commitment to advancing this research. Their dedication, resilience, and collective efforts have significantly contributed to our understanding of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite invasion, paving the way for future advancements in malaria control and vaccine development.

Author contributions

MUM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Project administration, Validation, Writing—original draft. DBR: Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. FGQ: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Fanny Guzmán-Quimbayo who is the Guest Editor of Exploration of Drug Science had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The dataset analyzed for this study can be found on the PDB Homepage (https://www.rcsb.org/) and AlphaFold Protein Database (https://alphafold.com/). Additionally, the sequences of the proteins that were constructed by AlphaFold Server were taken from UniProt (https://www.uniprot.org/). The database used to search for articles was PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) where the keywords used were “Plasmodium falciparum + peptides + (Name of the protein)”, for the articles done in Instituto de Inmunología “Patarroyo ME” was added to the search. The software Protein BLAST by NCBI was used to determine the conserved regions of the peptides in different strains, while the sequences of the strains were obtained from UniProt.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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