From:  Islet extracellular matrix remodelling in type 2 diabetes: implications for β-cell failure and therapeutic opportunities

 Key signalling pathways involved in islet β-cell function and survival.

Signalling pathwayFunctional outcome
FAKβ-cell survival [225]
ERK/MAPKβ-cell proliferation, survival and insulin secretion [226, 227]
PI3K/Akt/PKBβ-cell proliferation and survival [141, 228]
WntInsulin secretion and β-cell proliferation [229]
JAK/STATβ-cell apoptosis and islet inflammation [230]
TLR4/NF-kBInflammatory signalling, lipotoxicity and β-cell dysfunction [231]
RhoA/ROCKInsulin secretion and cytoskeletal organisation [232]
TGF-ββ-cell proliferation, apoptosis, and function [233]

ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKB: protein kinase B; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta.