From:  The impact of patient-centred care on adherence, psychosocial and clinical outcomes in the management of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review

 Risk of bias assessment of included studies.

Study Study design Tool used Key bias domains Overall risk
Adisa and Fakeye (2014) [15]Observational (cross-sectional) ROBINS-I Self-reported adherence; selection bias; confounding Moderate-Serious
Alatawi et al. (2016) [16]ObservationalROBINS-I Confounding; measurement bias; self-report Moderate
Almutairi et al. (2023) [11]RCT RoB 2.0 Small sample; possible attrition bias; reporting limitations Moderate
Branda et al. (2013) [21]RCT RoB 2.0 Lack of blinding; potential performance bias Moderate
Brundisini et al. (2015) [24]Qualitative meta-synthesis CASP Selection of studies; interpretive bias; transferability Moderate
Cheng et al. (2018) [12]RCT RoB 2.0 Limited sample size; imprecision; unclear allocation concealment Moderate
Habte et al. (2017) [25]Mixed-methods CASP Integration bias; sampling limitations Moderate
Haque et al. (2014) [26]Qualitative CASP Limited generalisability; recall bias Moderate
Islam et al. (2018) [13] RCT RoB 2.0 Performance bias; intervention fidelity concerns Moderate
Lauffenburger et al. (2019) [17]RCT RoB 2.0 Lack of blinding; outcome assessment bias Moderate
Lee and Lin (2010) [18]Observational ROBINS-I Confounding; selection bias Moderate
Peyrot et al. (2018) [1]Observational ROBINS-I Self-reported outcomes; residual confounding Moderate
Rossi et al. (2015) [22] Observational ROBINS-I Confounding; selection bias; missing data Serious
Schoenthaler et al. (2012) [19]Observational ROBINS-I Confounding; reporting bias; missing data Serious
Schunk et al. (2015) [2]Observational ROBINS-I Recall bias; self-reported adherence; confounding Moderate-Serious
Skinner et al. (2015) [14]RCT RoB 2.0 Allocation concealment unclear; performance bias Moderate
Varming et al. (2019) [20]RCT RoB 2.0 Lack of blinding; implementation variability Moderate
Wang et al. (2019) [23]Cross-sectional observational studyCASPSelection bias, Measurement biasModerate-High