Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

Table 5. Overview of nutritional interventions for immunometabolism recalibration.

Intervention category	Specific example	Proposed primary mechanism	Targeted conditions/Outcomes
Microbiome-targeted	Probiotics/Synbiotics	Competitive exclusion, barrier enhancement, and direct immune modulation [177]	Improved glycemia, attenuated weight gain, reduced endotoxemia [178, 179].
Dietary pattern	Mediterranean diet	↑ SCFAs, ↑ ω-3 PUFAs → AMPK/PPARγ activation [100]	Reduced CVD risk, improved glycemic control, and lower inflammation [180].
Nutraceutical	Vitamin D & omega-3 PUFA	VDR signaling; Precursors to SPMs → inflammation resolution [105, 181]	Reduced autoimmune flare risk, improved cardiometabolic markers [182].
Feeding pattern	Time-restricted eating (e.g., 16:8)	↑ Autophagy, ↑ AMPK, circadian alignment of metabolism [72]	Improved hepatic steatosis, reduced adiposity, and lower inflammation [183].

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AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids; SPMs: specialized pro-resolving mediators; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; VDR: vitamin D receptor.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, the authors used Google AI tools for copy-editing purposes to improve readability and correct minor grammar and formatting issues. After utilizing the tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and took full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

Author contributions

SK: Methodology, Writing—review & editing. TA: Supervision, Writing—review & editing, Validation. MW: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Methodology, Investigation. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

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