Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

Table 1. Chickpea bioactives and their modulatory effects on cytokine signaling pathways in metabolic disease.

Chickpea bioactive class	Representative compounds	Targeted cytokine/Pathway	Specific molecular event affected	Metabolic outcome	Ref
Polyphenols	Quercetin, kaempferol	TNF-α/NF-κB	Inhibition of IκB degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation	Reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription; improved insulin sensitivity	[31, 32]
Polyphenols	Flavonoids	IL-6/JAK/STAT3	Suppression of JAK-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation	Decreased SOCS3 induction; improved insulin signaling	[33, 34]
Isoflavones	Biochanin A	IL-6/STAT3	Inhibition of STAT3 activation and DNA binding	Attenuation of inflammatory gene expression	[35–38]
Saponins	Soyasaponins	TLR4/NF-κB	Reduced TLR4-mediated cytokine amplification	Lower systemic inflammation	[39, 40]
Dietary fiber	Soluble fiber	TLR4/Endotoxin pathway	Improved gut barrier; reduced LPS translocation	Decreased metabolic endotoxemia	[41, 42]
Resistant starch	RS type I & II	IL-6/Gut microbiota-Inflammatory axis	Reduced IL-6 levels	Improved glycemic control	[43, 44]
Bioactive peptides	Seed-derived peptides	Oxidative stress-NF-κB axis	Reduction of ROS-mediated inflammatory signaling	Protection of the IRS-1 function	[45]
Indirect pathway effect	Whole chickpea consumption	STAT3-SOCS3 axis	Reduced circulating IL-6 → lower SOCS3 expression	Restoration of insulin receptor signaling	[46, 47]

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IL: interleukin; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; JAK: Janus kinase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOCS3: suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Central University of Punjab for providing resources to carry out the literature survey.

Author contributions

SAK: Writing—original draft. SC: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest, financial or non-financial, related to this work.

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