Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

Table 2. Pharmacologic interventions targeting circadian pathways.

Drug/Class	Target	Effect on metabolism
REV-ERB agonists	CLOCK/BMAL1	Reduces hepatic steatosis
Melatonin	SCN/Peripheral clocks	Improves insulin sensitivity
SIRT1 activators	CLOCK regulation	Enhances energy expenditure
Nobiletin	PER/CRY modulation	Reduces adiposity

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BMAL1: brain and muscle ARNT-like 1; CLOCK: circadian locomotor output cycles kaput; CRY: cryptochrome; PER: period gene; REV-ERB: reverse erythroblastosis virus alpha/beta (nuclear receptors); SCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus; SIRT1: sirtuin 1.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the use of a generative artificial intelligence-based image creation software (ChatGPT and/or DALL·E, Adobe Illustrator, OpenAI, 2026) for developing the figures in this manuscript. After utilizing the tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as necessary and took full responsibility for the final content of the publication.

Author contributions

MH: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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