Exploration of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases

Table 2. Factors associated with the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in women.

Type	Factor
Non modifiable	Genetics Female sex Age
Modifiable	Obesity Joint injury Occupational load
Female-specific	Anatomic and biomechanical Smaller vertebral bodies Lower muscle support Greater ligament flexibility Reduced stability Q angle Greater lumbar curvature Limb alignment Quadriceps strength Acetabular and femoral morphology
	Hormonal and metabolic Overweight and obesity Vitamin D deficiency Metabolic syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome Low estrogen and progesterone levels Low testosterone levels
	Reproductive and menstrual factors Early menarche Early menopause Early age of parity Lower age at first live birth Pregnancy biomechanics Multiparity Duration of breastfeeding Earlier age of oral contraceptive pills

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Q angle: quadriceps angle.

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Author contributions

MV: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NEL: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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