CI: confidence interval. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Model 1: Not adjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age and sex; Model 3: adjusted for factors in Model 2 plus body mass index, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; Model 4: adjusted for factors in Model 3 plus use of lipid-lowering drugs and use of anti-diabetic drugs.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (approval number S545).
Consent to participate
The routine health examination data were collected before the study was conceived. Due to the large number of participants, retrospective acquisition of individual informed consent was impracticable. Furthermore, all participant identifiers were fully anonymized to safeguard privacy. Accordingly, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Committee.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request.
Funding
This work was funded by the Shandong Natural Fund [ZR2015HL008], Shandong Province, China. YW was supported by a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia [1062671]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
Butt MD, Ong SC, Rafiq A, Kalam MN, Sajjad A, Abdullah M, et al. A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries.J Pharm Policy Pract. 2024;17:2322107. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Magliano DJ. Special Issue “New Trends in Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases—2nd Edition".Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:449. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Magliano DJ. Special Issue “New Trends in Diabetes, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases: 3rd Edition’.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:10536. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Parker ED, Lin J, Mahoney T, Ume N, Yang G, Gabbay RA, et al. Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2022.Diabetes Care. 2024;47:26–43. [DOI] [PubMed]
Bullard KM, Cowie CC, Lessem SE, Saydah SH, Menke A, Geiss LS, et al. Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes in Adults by Diabetes Type—United States, 2016.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:359–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Xu Y, Lu J, Li M, Wang T, Wang K, Cao Q, et al. Diabetes in China part 1: epidemiology and risk factors.Lancet Public Health. 2024;9:e1089–97. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y. Triglycerides, Glucose Metabolism, and Type 2 Diabetes.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:9910. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Birari RB, Bhutani KK. Pancreatic lipase inhibitors from natural sources: unexplored potential.Drug Discov Today. 2007;12:879–89. [DOI] [PubMed]
Sanders FWB, Griffin JL. De novo lipogenesis in the liver in health and disease: more than just a shunting yard for glucose.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2016;91:452–68. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Green CJ, Pramfalk C, Charlton CA, Gunn PJ, Cornfield T, Pavlides M, et al. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis is suppressed and fat oxidation is increased by omega-3 fatty acids at the expense of glucose metabolism.BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8:e000871. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alves-Bezerra M, Cohen DE. Triglyceride Metabolism in the Liver.Compr Physiol. 2017;8:1–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Watt MJ, Cheng Y. Triglyceride metabolism in exercising muscle.Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862:1250–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Morin R, Goulet N, Mauger JF, Imbeault P. Physiological Responses to Hypoxia on Triglyceride Levels.Front Physiol. 2021;12:730935. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Frayn K, Bernard S, Spalding K, Arner P. Adipocyte triglyceride turnover is independently associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia.J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e003467. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Espinosa JM, Castellano JM, Garcia-Rodriguez S, Quintero-Flórez A, Carrasquilla N, Perona JS. Lipophilic Bioactive Compounds Transported in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Modulate Microglial Inflammatory Response.Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:7706. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
García-Rodríguez S, Espinosa-Cabello JM, García-González A, González-Jiménez E, Aguilar-Cordero MJ, Castellano JM, et al. Interplay of Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Composition and Adipokines in Obese Adolescents.Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:1112. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, Orringer CE, Bays HE, Jones PH, et al. National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1 - executive summary.J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8:473–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Szili-Torok T, Xu Y, de Borst MH, Bakker SJL, Tietge UJF. Normal Fasting Triglyceride Levels and Incident Hypertension in Community-Dwelling Individuals Without Metabolic Syndrome.J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12:e028372. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Akivis Y, Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI, Bukharovich I. The Role of Triglycerides in Atherosclerosis: Recent Pathophysiologic Insights and Therapeutic Implications.Curr Cardiol Rev. 2024;20:39–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
McBride P. Triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10:386–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
Liang HJ, Zhang QY, Hu YT, Liu GQ, Qi R. Hypertriglyceridemia: A Neglected Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke?J Stroke. 2022;24:21–40. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Al-Mawali A, Al-Harrasi A, Jayapal SK, Morsi M, Pinto AD, Al-Shekaili W, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in a large community-based study in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS survey 2017.BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21:42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Urrutia I, Martín-Nieto A, Martínez R, Casanovas-Marsal JO, Aguayo A, Del Olmo J, et al.; Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain.Sci Rep. 2021;11:3016. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Dai CY, Huang JF, Hsieh MY, Lee LP, Hou NJ, Yu ML, et al. Links between triglyceride levels, hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes.Gut. 2007;56:1167–8. [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y. Higher fasting triglyceride predicts higher risks of diabetes mortality in US adults.Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20:181. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
D’Agostino RB Jr, Hamman RF, Karter AJ, Mykkanen L, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM; Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Investigators. Cardiovascular disease risk factors predict the development of type 2 diabetes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study.Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2234–40. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wilson PWF, Meigs JB, Sullivan L, Fox CS, Nathan DM, D’Agostino RB Sr. Prediction of incident diabetes mellitus in middle-aged adults: the Framingham Offspring Study.Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1068–74. [DOI] [PubMed]
Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wei F, Song J, Cao Z, Chen C, et al. Triglyceride is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and older adults: a prospective study with 8-year follow-ups in two cohorts.J Transl Med. 2019;17:403. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Fujihara K, Sugawara A, Heianza Y, Sairenchi T, Irie F, Iso H, et al. Utility of the triglyceride level for predicting incident diabetes mellitus according to the fasting status and body mass index category: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study.J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21:1152–69. [DOI] [PubMed]
Klimentidis YC, Chougule A, Arora A, Frazier-Wood AC, Hsu CH. Triglyceride-Increasing Alleles Associated with Protection against Type-2 Diabetes.PLoS Genet. 2015;11:e1005204. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Tirosh A, Shai I, Bitzur R, Kochba I, Tekes-Manova D, Israeli E, et al. Changes in triglyceride levels over time and risk of type 2 diabetes in young men.Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2032–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Fang Y, Magliano DJ, Charchar FJ, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, et al. Fasting triglycerides are positively associated with cardiovascular mortality risk in people with diabetes.Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119:826–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang C, Liu Z, Zhang L, Gao J. The association between blood glucose levels and lipids in the general adult population: results from NHANES (2005-2016).J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43:163. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang L, Yan N, Zhang M, Pan R, Dang Y, Niu Y. The association between blood glucose levels and lipids or lipid ratios in type 2 diabetes patients: A cross-sectional study.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:969080. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Samuel VT, Liu ZX, Wang A, Beddow SA, Geisler JG, Kahn M, et al. Inhibition of protein kinase Cepsilon prevents hepatic insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.J Clin Invest. 2007;117:739–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Masuda S, Fujishima Y, Maeda N, Tsugawa-Shimizu Y, Nakamura Y, Tanaka Y, et al. Impact of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D on hepatic diacylglycerol accumulation, steatosis, and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019;316:E239–50. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kelley DE, Mandarino LJ. Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a reexamination.Diabetes. 2000;49:677–83. [DOI] [PubMed]
Chen B, Li T, Wu Y, Song L, Wang Y, Bian Y, et al. Lipotoxicity: A New Perspective in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2025;18:1223–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Beshara A, Cohen E, Goldberg E, Lilos P, Garty M, Krause I. Triglyceride levels and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal large study.J Investig Med. 2016;64:383–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y. Fasting Triglycerides in the Upper Normal Range Are Independently Associated with an Increased Risk of Diabetes Mortality in a Large Representative US Population.J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11:128. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Shao Y, Qian T, Sun H, Xu Q, Hou X, et al. Hypouricemia is a risk factor for diabetes in Chinese adults.Obes Med. 2022;31:100405. [DOI]
Yang G, Qian T, Sun H, Xu Q, Hou X, Hu W, et al. Both low and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are risk factors for diabetes diagnosis in Chinese adults.Diabetes Epidemiol Manag. 2022;6:100050. [DOI]
American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021.Diabetes Care. 2021;44:S15–33. [DOI] [PubMed]
Spitler KM, Davies BSJ. Aging and plasma triglyceride metabolism.J Lipid Res. 2020;61:1161–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yan Z, Cai M, Han X, Chen Q, Lu H. The Interaction Between Age and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:85–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Goulet N, Marcoux C, Bourgon V, Morin R, Mauger JF, Amaratunga R, et al. Biological sex-related differences in the postprandial triglyceride response to intermittent hypoxaemia in young adults: a randomized crossover trial.J Physiol. 2024;602:5817–34. [DOI] [PubMed]
Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Endocr Rev. 2016;37:278–316. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Fang Y, Charchar FJ, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Role of Circulating Lipids in Mediating the Diabetogenic Effect of Obesity.Biomedicines. 2026;14:11. [DOI]
Hassanloo N, Mehran L, Amouzegar A, Abdi H, Masoumi S, Azizi F, et al. Association between body mass index trajectories and type 2 diabetes incidence over an 18-year follow-up in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Sci Rep. 2024;14:27615. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Kim BY, Bang NY, Baik DI, Jung KY, Park J. Correlation between Systolic Blood Pressure and Triglyceride Level in the Uzbekistan Population.Ewha Med J. 2021;44:19–25. [DOI]
Kim HJ, Kim KI. Blood Pressure Target in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46:667–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Johansen MØ, Moreno-Vedia J, Balling M, Davey Smith G, Nordestgaard BG. Triglyceride content increases while cholesterol content decreases in HDL and LDL+IDL fractions following normal meals: The Copenhagen General Population Study of 25,656 individuals.Atherosclerosis. 2023;383:117316. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bonilha I, Hajduch E, Luchiari B, Nadruz W, Le Goff W, Sposito AC. The Reciprocal Relationship between LDL Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Metabolites. 2021;11:807. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lamarche B, Rashid S, Lewis GF. HDL metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic states: an overview.Clin Chim Acta. 1999;286:145–61. [DOI] [PubMed]
Cheng W, Wen S, Wang Y, Qian Z, Tan Y, Li H, et al. The association between serum uric acid and blood pressure in different age groups in a healthy Chinese cohort.Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e8953. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Y, Zhang W, Qian T, Sun H, Xu Q, Hou X, et al. Reduced renal function may explain the higher prevalence of hyperuricemia in older people.Sci Rep. 2021;11:1302. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Yang G, Qian T, Sun H, Xu Q, Hou X, Hu W, et al. Adjustment for body mass index changes inverse associations of HDL-cholesterol with blood pressure and hypertension to positive associations.J Hum Hypertens. 2022;36:570–9. [DOI] [PubMed]
Lahner CR. Adult weight measurement: decoding the terminology used in literature.South Afr J Clin Nutr. 2019;32:28–31. [DOI]
Warrier V, Krishan K, Shedge R, Kanchan T. Height Assessment.In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. [PubMed]
Wang Y, Charchar FJ. Establishment of sex difference in circulating uric acid is associated with higher testosterone and lower sex hormone-binding globulin in adolescent boys.Sci Rep. 2021;11:17323. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Shih JH, Fay MP. Pearson’s chi-square test and rank correlation inferences for clustered data.Biometrics. 2017;73:822–34. [DOI] [PubMed]
Qian T, Sun H, Xu Q, Hou X, Hu W, Zhang G, et al. Hyperuricemia is independently associated with hypertension in men under 60 years in a general Chinese population.J Hum Hypertens. 2021;35:1020–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Fang Y. Tree nut consumption is associated with a lower risk of hyperestrogenism in men.Nutr Res. 2022;98:1–8. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Fang Y, Vrablik M. Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance Mediates the Positive Association of Triglycerides with Diabetes.Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14:733. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cole TJ. Sympercents: symmetric percentage differences on the 100 log(e) scale simplify the presentation of log transformed data.Stat Med. 2000;19:3109–25. [DOI] [PubMed]
Aadland E, Andersen LB, Migueles JH, Ortega FB, Kvalheim OM. Interpretation of associations between the accelerometry physical activity spectrum and cardiometabolic health and locomotor skills in two cohorts of children using raw, normalized, log-transformed, or compositional data.J Sports Sci. 2020;38:2708–19. [DOI] [PubMed]
Wang Y, Fang Y. Postabsorptive homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance is a reliable biomarker for cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality.Diabet Epidemiol Man. 2022;6:100045. [DOI]
İlhan Topcu D, Can Çubukçu H. Optimization of patient-based real-time quality control based on the Youden index.Clin Chim Acta. 2022;534:50–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcucci M, Griffin ME, Dufour S, Cline GW, et al. Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.J Clin Invest. 1999;103:253–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Roden M, Price TB, Perseghin G, Petersen KF, Rothman DL, Cline GW, et al. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans.J Clin Invest. 1996;97:2859–65. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Nagle CA, Klett EL, Coleman RA. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and insulin resistance.J Lipid Res. 2009;50:S74–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Alberici LC, Oliveira HCF. Mitochondrial Adaptive Responses to Hypertriglyceridemia and Bioactive Lipids.Antioxid Redox Signal. 2022;36:953–68. [DOI] [PubMed]
Li X, Chen W, Jia Z, Xiao Y, Shi A, Ma X. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategy for Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:4256. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Ding L, Sun W, Balaz M, He A, Klug M, Wieland S, et al. Peroxisomal β-oxidation acts as a sensor for intracellular fatty acids and regulates lipolysis.Nat Metab. 2021;3:1648–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Gao Z, Chen X. Fatty Acid β-Oxidation in Kidney Diseases: Perspectives on Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:805281. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Pherwani S, Connolly D, Sun Q, Karwi QG, Carr M, Ho KL, et al. Ketones provide an extra source of fuel for the failing heart without impairing glucose oxidation.Metabolism. 2024;154:155818. [DOI] [PubMed]
Witters LA, Kemp BE. Insulin activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase accompanied by inhibition of the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase.J Biol Chem. 1992;267:2864–7. [PubMed]
Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Packard C, Caslake MJ, Soro-Paavonen A, Westerbacka J, et al. Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man.Diabetologia. 2006;49:755–65. [DOI] [PubMed]
Love-Osborne K, Butler N, Gao D, Zeitler P. Elevated fasting triglycerides predict impaired glucose tolerance in adolescents at risk for type 2 diabetes.Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:205–10. [DOI] [PubMed]
Høeg LD, Sjøberg KA, Jeppesen J, Jensen TE, Frøsig C, Birk JB, et al. Lipid-induced insulin resistance affects women less than men and is not accompanied by inflammation or impaired proximal insulin signaling.Diabetes. 2011;60:64–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Hoy AJ, Brandon AE, Turner N, Watt MJ, Bruce CR, Cooney GJ, et al. Lipid and insulin infusion-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance is likely due to metabolic feedback and not changes in IRS-1, Akt, or AS160 phosphorylation.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297:E67–75. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
WEINMAN EO, STRISOWER EH, CHAIKOFF IL. Conversion of fatty acids to carbohydrate; application of isotopes to this problem and role of the Krebs cycle as a synthetic pathway.Physiol Rev. 1957;37:252–72. [DOI] [PubMed]
Borrebaek B, Bremer J, Davis EJ, Davis-Van Thienen W, Singh B. The effect of glucagon on the carbon flux from palmitate into glucose, lactate and ketone bodies, studied with isolated hepatocytes.Int J Biochem. 1984;16:841–4. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hosokawa H, Corkey BE, Leahy JL. Beta-cell hypersensitivity to glucose following 24-h exposure of rat islets to fatty acids.Diabetologia. 1997;40:392–7. [DOI] [PubMed]
Elsner M, Gehrmann W, Lenzen S. Peroxisome-generated hydrogen peroxide as important mediator of lipotoxicity in insulin-producing cells.Diabetes. 2011;60:200–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Damci T, Tatliagac S, Osar Z, Ilkova H. Fenofibrate treatment is associated with better glycemic control and lower serum leptin and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia.Eur J Intern Med. 2003;14:357–60. [DOI] [PubMed]
Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ, Schwammenthal E, Adler Y, Goldenberg I, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand bezafibrate for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary artery disease.Circulation. 2004;109:2197–202. [DOI] [PubMed]
Araki M, Nakagawa Y, Oishi A, Han SI, Wang Y, Kumagai K, et al. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα) Agonist Pemafibrate Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:2148. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee J, Jeon S, Lee M, Yoon M. Fenofibrate alleviates insulin resistance by reducing tissue inflammation in obese ovariectomized mice.Nutr Diabetes. 2023;13:19. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cariou B, Zaïr Y, Staels B, Bruckert E. Effects of the new dual PPAR α/δ agonist GFT505 on lipid and glucose homeostasis in abdominally obese patients with combined dyslipidemia or impaired glucose metabolism.Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2008–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Meyers CD, Amer A, Majumdar T, Chen J. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of pradigastat, a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor in overweight or obese, but otherwise healthy human subjects.J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55:1031–41. [DOI] [PubMed]
Mullugeta Y, Chawla R, Kebede T, Worku Y. Dyslipidemia associated with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the protective effect of metformin supplementation.Indian J Clin Biochem. 2012;27:363–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Smellie WSA. Hypertriglyceridaemia in diabetes.BMJ. 2006;333:1257–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Lee KH, Kim OY, Lim HH, Lee YJ, Jang Y, Lee JH. Contribution of APOA5-1131C allele to the increased susceptibility of diabetes mellitus in association with higher triglyceride in Korean women.Metabolism. 2010;59:1583–90. [DOI] [PubMed]
Yan J, Hu C, Jiang F, Zhang R, Wang J, Tang S, et al. Genetic variants of PLA2G6 are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and triglyceride levels in a Chinese population.Diabet Med. 2015;32:280–6. [DOI] [PubMed]
Vaxillaire M, Cavalcanti-Proença C, Dechaume A, Tichet J, Marre M, Balkau B, et al.; DESIR Study Group. The common P446L polymorphism in GCKR inversely modulates fasting glucose and triglyceride levels and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in the DESIR prospective general French population.Diabetes. 2008;57:2253–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
De Silva NM, Freathy RM, Palmer TM, Donnelly LA, Luan J, Gaunt T, et al. Mendelian randomization studies do not support a role for raised circulating triglyceride levels influencing type 2 diabetes, glucose levels, or insulin resistance.Diabetes. 2011;60:1008–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Cariou B, Hanf R, Lambert-Porcheron S, Zaïr Y, Sauvinet V, Noël B, et al. Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ agonist GFT505 improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in abdominally obese subjects.Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2923–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Araki E, Yamashita S, Arai H, Yokote K, Satoh J, Inoguchi T, et al. Effects of Pemafibrate, a Novel Selective PPARα Modulator, on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertriglyceridemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial.Diabetes Care. 2018;41:538–46. [DOI] [PubMed]
Hu J, Gillies CL, Lin S, Stewart ZA, Melford SE, Abrams KR, et al. Association of maternal lipid profile and gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 292 studies and 97,880 women.EClinicalMedicine. 2021;34:100830. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Bashir M, Navti OB, Ahmed B, Konje JC. Hyperlipidaemia and severe hypertriglyceridaemia in pregnancy.Obstet Gynaecol. 2023;25:196–209. [DOI]
Chen X, Li LH. Remnant Cholesterol, a Valuable Biomarker for Assessing Arteriosclerosis and Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Review.Cureus. 2023;15:e44202. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wang Z, Li M, Xie J, Gong J, Liu N. Association between remnant cholesterol and arterial stiffness: A secondary analysis based on a cross-sectional study.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2022;24:26–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Wilson SM, Maes AP, Yeoman CJ, Walk ST, Miles MP. Determinants of the postprandial triglyceride response to a high-fat meal in healthy overweight and obese adults.Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20:107. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Weinisch P, Fiamoncini J, Schranner D, Raffler J, Skurk T, Rist MJ, et al. Dynamic patterns of postprandial metabolic responses to three dietary challenges.Front Nutr. 2022;9:933526. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Sbriscia M, Colombaretti D, Giuliani A, Di Valerio S, Scisciola L, Rusanova I, et al. Triglyceride glucose index predicts long-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:115. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk.Eur Heart J. 2020;41:111–88. [DOI] [PubMed]
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Circulation. 2019;139:e1082–143. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]
