From:  Modeling the progression of NAFLD: a multi-state Markov approach based on BMI classification in the Chinese population

 Influence factors affecting the progress of the S3→S2→S1 direction.

VariablesMaleFemale
S2→S1S3→S1S3→S2S2→S1S3→S1S3→S2
Age (year)1.032 (0.914–1.165)0.935 (0.875–0.999)1.302 (1.113–1.522)0.771 (0.661–0.900)0.719 (0.650–0.796)1.435 (1.187–1.734)
HUA0.933 (0.771–1.129)0.926 (0.841–1.021)0.890 (0.700–1.131)0.796 (0.554–1.145)0.940 (0.787–1.122)1.294 (0.945–1.770)
Abdominal obesity0.807 (0.629–1.036)0.725 (0.656–0.801)0.223 (0.176–0.284)1.089 (0.734–1.617)0.732 (0.628–0.852)0.333 (0.244–0.455)
Elevated TG0.840 (0.692–1.020)0.782 (0.708–0.864)1.025 (0.806–1.305)0.729 (0.544–0.977)0.770 (0.646–0.919)1.132 (0.830–1.545)
Low HDL-C0.988 (0.799–1.222)0.901 (0.812–0.999)0.889 (0.689–1.148)0.785 (0.618–0.997)0.902 (0.772–1.054)0.965 (0.713–1.308)
Elevated BP0.854 (0.708–1.031)0.958 (0.871–1.053)0.941 (0.745–1.187)0.999 (0.757–1.321)1.158 (0.986–1.360)0.817 (0.598–1.116)
Elevated FPG0.880 (0.705–1.098)0.874 (0.781–0.979)1.031 (0.792–1.341)0.974 (0.722–1.315)0.768 (0.631–0.937)1.303 (0.951–1.785)
ALT0.990 (0.980–0.999)0.990 (0.986–0.993)1.003 (0.995–1.011)0.989 (0.973–1.006)0.989 (0.982–0.997)1.007 (0.993–1.020)
AST1.013 (1.000–1.026)1.002 (0.995–1.009)0.997 (0.979–1.015)0.999 (0.970–1.029)1.008 (0.996–1.020)0.991 (0.964–1.018)
Hb0.992 (0.983–1.002)0.997 (0.992–1.002)1.005 (0.993–1.018)0.993 (0.984–1.002)0.990 (0.984–0.996)1.011 (0.997–1.025)
PLT0.999 (0.997–1.001)0.999 (0.998–1.000)1.001 (0.998–1.003)0.998 (0.996–1.000)0.999 (0.998–1.000)1.000 (0.998–1.003)
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S1 (healthy state); S2 (NAFLD, BMI < 24 kg/m2); S3 (NAFLD, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2). Binary covariates (HUA, abdominal obesity, elevated TG, low HDL-C, elevated BP, elevated FPG) use absence as a reference. Continuous covariates (ALT, AST, Hb, PLT) are treated as continuous. Age was categorized with < 30 years as the reference. Bold values indicate P < 0.05. HUA: hyperuricemia; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP: blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Hb: hemoglobin; PLT: platelets; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI: body mass index.