From:  Prevalence and incidence of co-morbid lung disease associated with type 2 diabetes from the UK Biobank

 UK Biobank participant demographics

Population
grouping
LeanOverweightObese
FEV1% of predictedFEV1/FVC ratioHbA1c (mmol/
mol)
BMI (kg/m2)Age (years)FEV1% of predictedFEV1/ FVC ratioHbA1c (mmol/mol)BMI (kg/m2)Age (years)FEV1% of predictedFEV1/ FVCL ratioHbA1c (mmol/mol)BMI (kg/m2)Age (years)
Population ControlsTotal97.6 ± 16.775.0 ± 7.534.6 ± 4.522.9 ± 1.555.6 ± 8.296.5 ± 16.6 ****75.9 ± 7.2 ****35.4 ± 5.1 ****27.3 ± 1.4 ****56.9 ± 8.1 ****92.6 ± 16.7 ****76.8 ± 7.1 ****37.2 ± 6.7 ****33.8 ± 3.8 ****56.6 ± 7.9 ****
Without lung disease99.0 ± 15.775.5 ± 7.234.5 ± 4.522.9 ± 1.555.6 ± 8.297.8 ± 15.8 ****76.3 ± 6.8 ****35.4 ± 5.1 ****27.3 ± 1.4 ****56.9 ± 8.0 ****94.1 ± 15.9 ****77.2 ± 6.8 ****37.1 ± 6.7 ****33.7 ± 3.6 ****56.6 ± 7.9 ****
With lung disease88.2 ± 19.871.5 ± 9.234.7 ± 4.422.9 ± 1.555.6 ± 8.488.6 ± 18.972.7 ± 8.7 ****35.5 ± 5.0 ****27.3 ± 1.4 ****56.6 ± 8.2 ****85.8 ± 18.374.6 ± 8.3 ****37.3 ± 6.4 ****34.4 ± 4.3 ****56.4 ± 8.0 ****
T2DMTotal91.1 ± 18.5 ΔΔΔΔ73.5 ± 9.1 ΔΔΔΔ51.1 ± 14.8 ΔΔΔΔ23.3 ± 1.4 Δ60.8 ± 7.0 ΔΔΔΔ89.6 ± 17.3 ΔΔΔΔ75.1 ± 8.2 **** ΔΔΔΔ51.9 ± 13.9 ΔΔΔΔ27.8 ± 1.4 **** ΔΔΔΔ61.1 ± 6.5 ΔΔΔΔ86.0 ± 17.1 **** ΔΔΔΔ76.2 ± 7.7 **** ΔΔΔΔ54.0 ± 14.7 **** ΔΔΔΔ35.7 ± 4.9 **** ΔΔΔΔ59.7 ± 6.9 **** ΔΔΔΔ
Without lung disease92.8 ± 17.9 ΔΔΔΔ74.1 ± 8.7 ΔΔΔΔ51.4 ± 15.1 ΔΔΔΔ23.3 ± 1.4 Δ60.8 ± 7.0 ΔΔΔΔ90.9 ± 16.6 ΔΔΔΔ75.6 ± 7.7 **** ΔΔΔΔ52.0 ± 13.9 ΔΔΔΔ27.8 ± 1.4 **** ΔΔΔΔ61.2 ± 6.5 ΔΔΔΔ88.0 ± 16.0 **** ΔΔΔΔ76.7 ± 7.3 **** ΔΔΔΔ54.1 ± 14.7 **** ΔΔΔΔ35.4 ± 4.7 **** ΔΔΔΔ59.8 ± 6.9 **** ΔΔΔΔ
With lung disease84.5 ± 19.370.6 ± 10.549.8 ± 13.4 ΔΔΔΔ23.2 ± 1.461.1 ± 6.9 ΔΔΔΔ83.9 ± 19.1 ΔΔ72.2 ± 9.851.4 ± 13.9 ΔΔΔΔ27.8 ± 1.4 **** ΔΔΔ60.7 ± 6.9 ΔΔΔΔ79.5 ± 19.1 ΔΔΔΔ74.2 ± 8.5 ***53.6 ± 14.8 ΔΔΔΔ36.6 ± 5.4 **** ΔΔΔΔ59.5 ± 7.1 ΔΔΔΔ

Kruskal-Wallis test of total participants for FEV1, FEV1/FVC, HbA1c, BMI, and age data with and without T2DM for lean, overweight, and obese individuals. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation. *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001 compared with corresponding lean controls with and without T2DM. Δ P < 0.05, ΔΔ P < 0.01, ΔΔΔ P < 0.001, and ΔΔΔΔ P < 0.0001 compared with those without T2DM within the same BMI category. FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second percentage of predicted; FVC forced vital capacity (L/L%); HbA1c glycated haemoglobin (mmol/mol); BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus