Exploration of Cardiology

Table 4. Summary of long-term clinical outcomes and key effect modifiers.

Outcome	No. of studies	Total patients	Pooled estimate (95% CI)	Heterogeneity (I²)	Key findings	References
12-month readmission	18	12,450	28% (24–32%)	82%	HFrEF > HFpEF (RR = 1.4); comorbidities ↑1.3–1.6×; new HTN HR = 1.57	[37, 38, 64, 68–72]
≥ 12-month mortality	14	9,810	18% (15–22%)	79%	Vaccination aHR = 0.59; COVID-19 vs. flu ↑1.6–2.1×	[7, 16, 67, 68, 71, 73–76]
Special populations	-	-	-	-	Telemonitoring HR = 29.56; racial disparities; persistent fibrosis	[61, 77, 78]

Return to article view

Adjusted for relevant confounders as reported in the original studies. Key findings in the last column are derived from subgroup and multivariable analyses reported across the included studies, addressing potential confounding factors. aHR: adjusted hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; HTN: hypertension; RR: relative risk. ↑: increase.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101284_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

RP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JH: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. A Brar: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. A Batta: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MTS: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. BM: Project administration, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

This study did not generate new datasets. All data analyzed are from previously published studies, which are cited in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

References

World Health Organization. World Health Survey Plus COVID-19 Mobile Phone Survey 2021–2022. World Health Organization; 2024.

Zhang X, Yuan H, Yang Z, Hu X, Mahmmod YS, Zhu X, et al. SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10:2145. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Akter F, Araf Y, Promon SK, Zhai J, Zheng C. 3D Bioprinting for Regenerating COVID-19-Mediated Irreversibly Damaged Lung Tissue. Int J Bioprint. 2022;8:616. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Zhan Y, Ye L, Ouyang Q, Yin J, Cui J, Liu K, et al. The binding profile of SARS-CoV-2 with human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms reveals critical alleles involved in immune evasion. J Med Virol. 2023;95:e29113. [DOI] [PubMed]

Li YE, Wang S, Reiter RJ, Ren J. Clinical cardiovascular emergencies and the cellular basis of COVID-19 vaccination: from dream to reality? Int J Infect Dis. 2022;124:1–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:543–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Alvarez-Garcia J, Lee S, Gupta A, Cagliostro M, Joshi AA, Rivas-Lasarte M, et al. Prognostic Impact of Prior Heart Failure in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2334–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Beghini A, Sammartino AM, Papp Z, von Haehling S, Biegus J, Ponikowski P, et al. 2024 update in heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2025;12:8–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

Savarese G, Becher PM, Lund LH, Seferovic P, Rosano GMC, Coats AJS. Global burden of heart failure: a comprehensive and updated review of epidemiology. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118:3272–87. [DOI] [PubMed]

10.

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145:e876–94. [DOI] [PubMed]

11.

Senanayake S, Kularatna S, Lee ASY, Lee A, Lau YH, Hausenloy DJ, et al. Health Services Costs of Clinical Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Singapore. Value Health Reg Issues. 2025;45:101037. [DOI] [PubMed]

12.

Yingchoncharoen T, Wu TC, Choi DJ, Ong TK, Liew HB, Cho MC. Economic Burden of Heart Failure in Asian Countries with Different Healthcare Systems. Korean Circ J. 2021;51:681–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

13.

Parizad R, Batta A, Hatwal J, Taban-Sadeghi M, Mohan B. Emerging risk factors for heart failure in younger populations: A growing public health concern. World J Cardiol. 2025;17:104717. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

14.

Goyal P, Reshetnyak E, Khan S, Musse M, Navi BB, Kim J, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Adults With a History of Heart Failure Hospitalized for COVID-19. Circ Heart Fail. 2021;14:e008354. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

15.

Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

16.

Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, Al-Aly Z. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28:583–90. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

17.

Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1265–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

18.

Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, Nair N, Mahajan S, Sehrawat TS, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:1017–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

19.

Zhang T, Li Z, Mei Q, Walline JH, Zhang Z, Liu Y, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1450470. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

20.

Huang Y, Wen Z, Luo H, Liao Y, Chen Z. Association between Cardiovascular Disease Risk and long COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. medRxiv 23300656 [Preprint]. 2023 [cited 2025 Oct 15]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.30.23300656v1 [DOI]

21.

Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y, Kumar K, Vimalesvaran K, Thornton G, et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:1866–78. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

22.

Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323:1891–2. [DOI] [PubMed]

23.

Carra MC, Romandini P, Romandini M. Risk of Bias Evaluation of Cross-Sectional Studies: Adaptation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. J Periodontal Res. 2025;0:1–10. [DOI] [PubMed]

24.

Pereira AG, Martins CC, Campos JR, Faria SF, Notaro SQ, Poklepović-Peričić T, et al. Critical appraisal of systematic reviews of intervention studies in periodontology using AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS tools. J Clin Exp Dent. 2023;15:e678–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

25.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

26.

Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Long-term outcomes following hospital admission for COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:239–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

27.

Vazquez SR, Yates NY, Beavers CJ, Triller DM, McFarland MM. Differences in quality of anticoagulation care delivery according to ethnoracial group in the United States: A scoping review. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2024;57:1076–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

28.

Boparai MS, Gordon J, Bajrami S, Alamuri T, Lee R, Duong TQ. Incidence and risk factors of new-onset hypertension up to 3 years post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep. 2025;15:28728. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

29.

Bhala N, Curry G, Martineau AR, Agyemang C, Bhopal R. Sharpening the global focus on ethnicity and race in the time of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395:1673–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

30.

Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-Up: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2950–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

31.

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:3599–726. [DOI]

32.

Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, Fraser AG, Anker SD, Donal E, et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2019;40:3297–317. [DOI] [PubMed]

33.

Chioncel O, Benson L, Crespo-Leiro MG, Anker SD, Coats AJS, Filippatos G, et al. Comprehensive characterization of non-cardiac comorbidities in acute heart failure: an analysis of ESC-HFA EURObservational Research Programme Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30:1346–58. [DOI] [PubMed]

34.

Oseran AS, Song Y, Xu J, Dahabreh IJ, Wadhera RK, de Lemos JA, et al. Long term risk of death and readmission after hospital admission with covid-19 among older adults: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2023;382:e076222. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

35.

Writing Committee Members; Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:e25–197. [DOI] [PubMed]

36.

Kittleson MM. A Clinician’s Guide to the 2022 ACC/AHA/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2022;28:831–4. [DOI] [PubMed]

37.

Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, Aleshcheva G, Edler C, Meissner K, et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:1281–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

38.

Bader F, Manla Y, Atallah B, Starling RC. Heart failure and COVID-19. Heart Fail Rev. 2021;26:1–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

39.

Donnelly JP, Wang XQ, Iwashyna TJ, Prescott HC. Readmission and Death After Initial Hospital Discharge Among Patients With COVID-19 in a Large Multihospital System. JAMA. 2021;325:304–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

40.

Rey JR, Caro-Codón J, Rosillo SO, Iniesta ÁM, Castrejón-Castrejón S, Marco-Clement I, et al. Heart failure in COVID‐19 patients: prevalence, incidence and prognostic implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:2205–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

41.

Tereshchenko LG, Bishop A, Fisher-Campbell N, Levene J, Morris CC, Patel H, et al. Risk of Cardiovascular Events After COVID-19. Am J Cardiol. 2022;179:102–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

42.

Bhatt AS, Jering KS, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Cunningham JW, Rosenthal N, et al. Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Hospitalized With COVID-19. JACC Heart Fail. 2021;9:65–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

43.

Sindet-Pedersen C, Michalik F, Strange JE, Christensen DM, Nouhravesh N, Gerds TA, et al. Risk of Worsening Heart Failure and All-Cause Mortality Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Heart Failure: A Nationwide Real-World Safety Study. Circ Heart Fail. 2023;16:e010617. [DOI] [PubMed]

44.

Jiang J, Chan L, Kauffman J, Narula J, Charney AW, Oh W, et al. Impact of Vaccination on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With COVID-19 Infection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81:928–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

45.

Chow JSF, Maurya N, San Miguel S, Teramayi R, Parameswaran A, D’Souza A, et al. Remote, smart telemonitoring of COVID-19 survivors for early detection of deterioration in cardiac health (the PARTMO study). Front Med Technol. 2025;7:1534097. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

46.

Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Luo N, Li L. Clinical Outcomes in 55 Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Who Were Asymptomatic at Hospital Admission in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020;221:1770–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

47.

Ne JYA, Chow CK, Chow V, Hyun K, Kritharides L, Brieger D, et al. Atrial fibrillation status and associations with adverse clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a large unselected statewide population-linkage study. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2025;11:291–9. [DOI] [PubMed]

48.

Bilaloglu S, Aphinyanaphongs Y, Jones S, Iturrate E, Hochman J, Berger JS. Thrombosis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in a New York City Health System. JAMA. 2020;324:799–801. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

49.

Katsoularis I, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Farrington P, Lindmark K, Fors Connolly AM. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke following COVID-19 in Sweden: a self-controlled case series and matched cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:599–607. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

50.

Rajpal S, Tong MS, Borchers J, Zareba KM, Obarski TP, Simonetti OP, et al. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Findings in Competitive Athletes Recovering From COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:116–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

51.

Huang L, Zhao P, Tang D, Zhu T, Han R, Zhan C, et al. Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13:2330–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

52.

Xu E, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Risks and burdens of incident dyslipidaemia in long COVID: a cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11:120–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

53.

Lekkala SP, Mohammed AS, Ahmed H, Al-Sulami M, Khan J, Desai R, et al. Sex-Specific Risk Factors and Predictors of Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Nationwide Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025;14:1469. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

54.

Italia L, Tomasoni D, Bisegna S, Pancaldi E, Stretti L, Adamo M, et al. COVID-19 and Heart Failure: From Epidemiology During the Pandemic to Myocardial Injury, Myocarditis, and Heart Failure Sequelae. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:713560. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

55.

Guzik TJ, Mohiddin SA, Dimarco A, Patel V, Savvatis K, Marelli-Berg FM, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res. 2020;116:1666–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

56.

Libby P, Lüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:3038–44. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

57.

Dherange P, Lang J, Qian P, Oberfeld B, Sauer WH, Koplan B, et al. Arrhythmias and COVID-19: A Review. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6:1193–204. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

58.

Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Coswig V, Barroso WKS, Vitorino PVO, Ramirez-Campillo R, et al. Practical Recommendations Relevant to the Use of Resistance Training for COVID-19 Survivors. Front Physiol. 2021;12:637590. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

59.

Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55:105951. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

60.

Regmi B, Friedrich J, Jörn B, Senol M, Giannoni A, Boentert M, et al. Diaphragm Muscle Weakness Might Explain Exertional Dyspnea 15 Months after Hospitalization for COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207:1012–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

61.

Boussuges A, Habert P, Chaumet G, Rouibah R, Delorme L, Menard A, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction after severe COVID-19: An ultrasound study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:949281. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

62.

Montefusco L, Ben Nasr M, D’Addio F, Loretelli C, Rossi A, Pastore I, et al. Acute and long-term disruption of glycometabolic control after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Metab. 2021;3:774–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

63.

Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:831–40. [DOI] [PubMed]

64.

Bavishi C, Bonow RO, Trivedi V, Abbott JD, Messerli FH, Bhatt DL. Special Article—Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63:682–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

65.

Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17:259–60. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

66.

Yang Y, Wei Z, Xiong C, Qian H. Direct mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced cardiomyocyte damage: an update. Virol J. 2022;19:108. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

67.

Puntmann VO, Martin S, Shchendrygina A, Hoffmann J, Ka MM, Giokoglu E, et al. Long-term cardiac pathology in individuals with mild initial COVID-19 illness. Nat Med. 2022;28:2117–23. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

68.

Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395:1417–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

69.

Janssen E, Murphy S, Mancilla M, Mollenkopf S, Verta P, Feldman T, et al. TCT CONNECT-494 Importance of Symptom and Activity Improvement for Patients With Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR). JACC. 2020;76:B211–2. [DOI]

70.

Hanna A, Frangogiannis NG. Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines as Therapeutic Targets in Heart Failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34:849–63. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

71.

Tomasoni D, Italia L, Adamo M, Inciardi RM, Lombardi CM, Solomon SD, et al. COVID-19 and heart failure: from infection to inflammation and angiotensin II stimulation. Searching for evidence from a new disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:957–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

72.

Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:389–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

73.

Wang Y, Wang Z, Tse G, Zhang L, Wan EY, Guo Y, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19. J Arrhythm. 2020;36:827–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

74.

Novak P, Mukerji SS, Alabsi HS, Systrom D, Marciano SP, Felsenstein D, et al. Multisystem Involvement in Post-Acute Sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 19. Ann Neurol. 2022;91:367–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

75.

Becker RC. Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2021;52:692–707. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

76.

Johnson KW, Patel S, Thapi S, Jaladanki SK, Rao A, Nirenberg S, et al. Association of Reduced Hospitalizations and Mortality Rates Among COVID-19-Vaccinated Patients With Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2022;28:1475–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

77.

Bhatt AS, Liang L, DeVore AD, Fonarow GC, Solomon SD, Vardeny O, et al. Vaccination Trends in Patients With Heart Failure: Insights From Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6:844–55. [DOI] [PubMed]

78.

Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, Beckmann ND, Nirenberg S, Wang B, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26:1636–43. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

79.

Ambrosetti M, Abreu A, Corrà U, Davos CH, Hansen D, Frederix I, et al. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:460–95. [DOI] [PubMed]

80.

Scherbakov N, Doehner W. Comment on: “Experimental ischaemic stroke induces transient cardiac athrophy” by Veltkamp et al. Comment on: “Experimental ischaemic stroke induces transient cardiac athrophy” by Veltkamp et al. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11:1865–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]

81.

Li YE, Ajoolabady A, Dhanasekaran M, Ren J. Tissue repair strategies: What we have learned from COVID-19 in the application of MSCs therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2022;182:106334. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]