Exploration of Cardiology

Table 2. Summary of prognostic effect estimates (HR and RR) for key outcomes in patients with pre-existing HF.

Outcome/Comparison	Effect estimate type	Value (95% confidence interval)	Adjusted variables	Reference
All-cause mortality/MACE (vaccinated vs. unvaccinated)	aHR	0.59 (0.55–0.63)	Age, sex, comorbidities, HF duration	[38, 43, 44]
Readmission risk (HFrEF vs. HFpEF)	RR	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	Baseline LVEF, age, BMI	[33, 34]
Arrhythmia detection (telemonitoring vs. standard care)	HR	29.56 (7.1–123.0)	Clinical risk score, renal function	[45]
HF-related events (COVID-19 vs. influenza cohort)	Fold increase (RR/HR)	1.6–2.1-fold higher	Age, comorbidities, race	[27, 41]
New-onset hypertension (risk for CV events)	aHR	1.57 (1.35–1.81)	Age, sex, HF severity	[28]

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AF: atrial fibrillation; aHR: adjusted hazard ratio; BMI: body mass index; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CV: cardiovascular; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; RR: relative risk.

Supplementary materials

The supplementary material for this article is available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/101284_sup_1.pdf.

Declarations

Author contributions

RP: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JH: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. A Brar: Supervision, Validation, Writing—review & editing. A Batta: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MTS: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. BM: Project administration, Validation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

This study did not generate new datasets. All data analyzed are from previously published studies, which are cited in the manuscript.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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