Exploration of Cardiology

Table 4. Therapeutic strategies targeting endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness.

Strategy	Mechanism of action	Evidence/effect	References
Statins	↑ NO bioavailability, anti-inflammatory	Improve FMD, reduce leukocyte adhesion	[47, 48]
ACE inhibitors/ARBs	RAAS blockade	Reduce PWV, improve compliance	[50, 51]
Exercise	↑ eNOS activity, ↓ oxidative stress	Improves FMD, reduces stiffness	[52, 53]
Mediterranean diet	Polyphenols, unsaturated fats	Enhances endothelial function	[54]
Nitrate supplementation	Exogenous NO donor	Improves FMD, lowers BP	[55]
Senolytics	Eliminate senescent cells	Early trials show ↓ SASP mediators	[57–59]

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ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; PWV: pulse wave velocity; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; BP: blood pressure; NO: nitric oxide; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to assist with composing and refining the figures. After using the tool, authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

Author contributions

MCÇ: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MK: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing. AB: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MY: Writing—review & editing. LB: Supervision, Validation. YK: Supervision, Validation. All of the authors contributed to planning, conducting, and reporting of the work. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

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Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

No financial funding was received for this study.

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