Exploration of Cardiology

From: How algorithms are transforming the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease—state of the art

Table 2. Comparison of AI and human performance across imaging modalities.

Modality	Metric/Endpoint	AI performance	Human/Standard comparator	Throughput/Time (min)	Cost implications	References
ECG	Detection of CAD phenotypes from resting ECG (obstructive CAD, high CAC, regional akinesia)	AUROC: CAC ≥ 300 0.88; obstructive CAD 0.85; regional akinesis 0.94	N/A (no direct human ECG comparator in cited study)	Not reported	Lowest	[17]
CCTA	Automated plaque and stenosis quantification	High agreement with experts (ICC 0.964 plaque; 0.879 %stenosis); agreement with IVUS; predicts MI	Manual quantitative analysis typically requires tens of minutes	≤ 1 min (AI) vs. 25–30 min (manual)	Medium-high	[7]
SPECT MPI	Classification of ischemia/obstructive CAD (SPECT)	DL outperforms TPD (total perfusion deficit) (per-patient AUC 0.80 vs. 0.78; per-vessel 0.76 vs. 0.73); explainable DL improves physician interpretation	Expert nuclear cardiology reading; TPD vs. standard software comparator	Not consistently reported; DL assistance can shorten review in practice	High	[32, 33]
Cardiac MRI	Automated cine/LGE/T1 analysis	Strong performance on cine/T1/LGE tasks; substantial workflow speed-up	Expert manual reading is the reference standard	AI saves ~ 10 min per patient; manual 30–90 min	Highest	[11, 34, 35]
FFR-CT (CT-derived FFR)	Lesion-specific ischemia vs. invasive FFR	AUC 0.84; accuracy 78% per-vessel & 85% per-patient; improves over visual CCTA (historical 58%/71%)	Visual CCTA accuracy 68–75% (historical)	AI processing ~ 60 min (historical); invasive FFR during procedure (per lesion)	Intermediate (lower than full invasive work-up)	[9, 36, 37]

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AI: artificial intelligence; AUROC: area under the ROC curve; CAC: coronary artery calcium; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; FFR: fractional flow reserve; CT: computed tomography; FFR-CT: FFR derived from CT; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; MPI: myocardial perfusion imaging; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; T1: T1 mapping; AUC: area under the curve; DL: deep learning; ECG: electrocardiogram; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.

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