Exploration of Cardiology

From: How algorithms are transforming the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease—state of the art

Table 1. Imaging modalities and AI applications.

Modality	Algorithm type	Diagnostic accuracy	Main applications	References
ECG	DL neural network (AI-ECG)	AI-ECG models demonstrate AUROC 0.85–0.94 for CAD phenotypes	CAD detection and risk stratification from resting ECG	[17]
CCTA	CNN, ML algorithms (automated plaque analysis)	DL plaque/stenosis: Sens ~ 84–89%, Spec ~ 85–96% (Han et al. [20] 2020; Jin et al. [21] 2022); FFR-CT: accuracy ~ 85–87% vs. invasive FFR (MACHINE)	Automated plaque quantification; identification of high-risk plaque features; non-invasive FFR-CT	[7, 9, 20, 21]
CMR	DL (fully convolutional networks)	High accuracy of automated segmentation; AI-perfusion with improved sensitivity vs. visual assessment	LV/RV segmentation; quantitative tissue characterization of ischemic scar	[10, 11]
HD-IVUS	ML, neural networks	High concordance with experts; lumen ~ 85%, stent area ~ 97%	Automated lumen/media segmentation; plaque composition; PCI optimization in IHD	[22, 23]
OCT	ML algorithms (high-resolution wall analysis)	Comparable to expert analysis (task-specific)	TCFA identification; macrophage assessment; stent implantation optimization (lumen segmentation, landing zone selection)	[12–14]
FFR (image-derived)	ML, 3D reconstruction	Accuracy ~ 85% vs. invasive FFR (CT/FFR/angiography-derived)	Non-invasive hemodynamic assessment of stenosis significance; potential reduction in pressure wire use	[9, 14]

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AI: artificial intelligence; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; CT: computed tomography; ECG: electrocardiogram; FFR: fractional flow reserve; FFR-CT: FFR derived from CT; HD-IVUS: high-definition intravascular ultrasound; ML: machine learning; OCT: optical coherence tomography; AUROC: area under the ROC curve; CNN: convolutional neural network; DL: deep learning; LV/RV: left/right ventricle; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; TCFA: thin-cap fibroatheroma; 3D: three-dimensional; IHD: ischemic heart disease.

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MT: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author read and approved the submitted version.

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