AAS: anabolic-androgenic steroids; GH: growth hormone; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; VT: ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation; SCD: sudden cardiac deaths. The table provides a simplified summary of the principal cardiovascular risk factors and potential pathways discussed throughout the review and should not be interpreted as evidence of direct causality.
Declarations
Author contributions
ATS: Methodology, Writing—original draft. APM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Visualization, Writing—review & editing. BGR: Supervision, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
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