Eligibility criteria framed by Population, Concept, and Context (PCC).
Element
Included
Excluded
Population
Humans of any age resident in an African country
Populations resident wholly outside Africa
Concept
A measure of periodontal status, gingival inflammation, or periodontal treatment reported alongside a cardiovascular or cardiometabolic outcome, surrogate, risk indicator, or related knowledge or care construct
Oral conditions other than periodontal disease without a cardiovascular dimension; cardiovascular outcomes without an oral measure
Context
Any African country; hospital, dental, primary-care, or community setting
Non-African settings (retained only as background where they were in global reviews)
Study types
Primary studies of any design (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, interventional, qualitative)
Narrative reviews, editorials, conference abstracts without data, animal or in vitro studies
OGA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AIO: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing—review & editing, Supervision. DTI: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. MEO: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. ABA: Investigation, Data curation, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable. This study is a scoping review of previously published literature and did not involve human participants or animals.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
All data analyzed during this review are derived from the published studies cited. The review protocol is available on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5CW32).
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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