Exploration of Cardiology

Table 3. Comprehensive assessment of studies included in the review.

Study population	Clinical domain	Data source	AI model type	Outcome	No. of studies	References
Cancer patients	Oncology	Imaging + genomics	Radiogenomics AI	Precision oncology	7	[28–30, 42–44, 52]
Cancer patients	Oncology	Multi-omics	DL	Survival prediction	2	[48, 67]
Oncology populations	Oncology	Conceptual	Conceptual frameworks	Precision oncology	2	[53, 68]
Mixed populations	Methodological	Imaging	DL	Model benchmarking	2	[14, 15]
Mixed populations	Methodological	Imaging	Radiomics systems	Feature extraction/validation	2	[21, 51]
Mixed populations	Methodological	Imaging + genomics	Radiogenomics AI	Method development	2	[47, 69]
Not population specific	Ethics/Governance	Conceptual	XAI	Ethics, transparency	6	[37, 38, 70–73]
Not population specific	Digital health	Wearables/EHR	DL	Decision support/digital twin	5	[34–36, 39, 40]
Drug discovery datasets	Cross-domain	Molecular/computational	DL	Drug discovery	2	[32, 33]

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DL: deep learning; EHR: electronic health records; XAI: explainable artificial intelligence.

Declarations

Author contributions

MS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NK: Data curation. AN: Data curation. AS: Investigation. SG: Writing—review & editing. GK: Resources. IMS: Resources. EI: Writing—review & editing. LS: Formal analysis. JSS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Jasjit S. Suri, who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Cardiology, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and additional sources, including websites and arXiv. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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