Exploration of Cardiology

Table 2. Comprehensive assessment of studies included in the review.

Study population	Clinical domain	Data source	AI model type	Outcome	No. of studies	References
Adults with CVDs	CVD	Imaging	Radiomics-based ML	Risk prediction/plaque characterization	4	[22, 26, 31, 41]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	Imaging	DL	Diagnosis/screening	5	[15, 56–59]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	Imaging	Traditional ML	Risk prediction	2	[6, 60]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	Genomics	PRS models	CVD risk prediction	2	[4, 54]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	Genomics	ML	Genotype-phenotype prediction	1	[23]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	ECG/wearables	DL	Screening/detection	3	[57, 58, 61]
Adults with CVDs	CVD	EHR/clinical records	DL	Prognosis/outcome prediction	1	[62]
Mixed population cohorts	CVD	Multi-omics	DL	Precision medicine	2	[49, 50]
General CVD populations	CVD	Conceptual	Conceptual/AI frameworks	Precision cardiology	5	[7, 10, 11, 34, 35]
Cancer patients	Oncology	Imaging	CNN	Diagnosis/molecular subtype prediction	4	[14, 63–65]
Cancer patients	Oncology	Imaging	Radiomics-based ML	Prognosis/treatment response	5	[18–20, 63, 66]

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CVD: cardiovascular disease; CNN: convolutional neural network; DL: deep learning; ECG: electrocardiogram; EHR: electronic health records; ML: machine learning; PRS: polygenic risk score.

Declarations

Author contributions

MS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. NK: Data curation. AN: Data curation. AS: Investigation. SG: Writing—review & editing. GK: Resources. IMS: Resources. EI: Writing—review & editing. LS: Formal analysis. JSS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

Jasjit S. Suri, who is the Editorial Board Member of Exploration of Cardiology, had no involvement in the decision-making or the review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The primary data for this systematic review were sourced online from databases listed in the methods. Referenced articles are accessible on PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and additional sources, including websites and arXiv. Additional supporting data are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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