Landmark randomized controlled trials evaluating the cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors.
| Study | Population | Primary cardiovascular endpoint | Effect estimate | Clinical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMPA-KIDNEY | CKD with or without diabetes | Cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure* | HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.67–1.07* | Supported cardiovascular safety and suggested favorable heart failure outcomes in a broad CKD population. |
| DAPA-CKD | CKD with or without diabetes | Cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure | HR 0.71; 95% CI 0.55–0.92 | Extended cardiovascular benefits to patients with CKD irrespective of diabetes status. |
| CREDENCE | Type 2 diabetes with CKD | Cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke | HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.67–0.95 | Demonstrated cardiovascular protection in patients with diabetic CKD receiving standard therapy. |
| EMPA-REG OUTCOME | Type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease | Three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) | HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74–0.99 | First landmark trial demonstrating cardiovascular benefit of an SGLT2 inhibitor, with marked reductions in cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure. |
| CANVAS Program | Type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk | Three-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) | HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.75–0.97 | Confirmed cardiovascular protection with canagliflozin in a broad high-risk population. |
| DECLARE-TIMI 58 | Type 2 diabetes with or at risk for cardiovascular disease | Cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure | HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.73–0.95 | Demonstrated significant reduction in heart failure hospitalization across a broad type 2 diabetes population. |