From:  SGLT2 inhibitors in chronic kidney disease: cardiorenal outcomes, safety, and implementation in primary care

 Landmark randomized controlled trials evaluating the renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in CKD.

StudyPopulationPrimary renal endpointEffect estimateClinical significance
EMPA-KIDNEYCKD with or without diabetesKidney disease progression or cardiovascular deathHR 0.72; 95% CI 0.64–0.82Demonstrated renal benefit across a broad CKD population, including patients without diabetes.
DAPA-CKDCKD with or without diabetesSustained ≥ 50% eGFR decline, ESKD, or renal/cardiovascular deathHR 0.61; 95% CI 0.51–0.72Confirmed substantial renal protection in CKD regardless of diabetes status.
CREDENCEType 2 diabetes with CKDESKD, doubling of serum creatinine, or renal/cardiovascular deathHR 0.70; 95% CI 0.59–0.82Established canagliflozin as a renoprotective therapy in diabetic kidney disease.
CANVAS ProgramType 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular riskSustained 40% eGFR decline, renal replacement therapy, or renal deathHR 0.60; 95% CI 0.47–0.77Provided supportive evidence of renal benefit in high-risk type 2 diabetes.
DECLARE-TIMI 58Type 2 diabetes with or at risk for cardiovascular diseaseRenal composite outcomeHR 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.87Demonstrated favorable renal outcomes in a broad type 2 diabetes population.
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CI: confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD: end-stage kidney disease; HR: hazard ratio; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. References: [1–3, 5, 6].