Characteristics of the studies included in the qualitative synthesis.
| Study | First author | Country | Study design | Study population | Intervention | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMPA-KIDNEY | Herrington et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with CKD with or without diabetes | Empagliflozin | Reduced kidney disease progression, cardiovascular death, and all-cause hospitalization. |
| DAPA-CKD | Heerspink et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with CKD with or without diabetes | Dapagliflozin | Reduced sustained eGFR decline, kidney failure, and cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. |
| EMPA-REG OUTCOME | Zinman et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease | Empagliflozin | Reduced cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, and progression of kidney disease. |
| CANVAS Program | Neal et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk | Canagliflozin | Improved cardiovascular outcomes and reduced progression of albuminuria. |
| DECLARE-TIMI 58 | Wiviott et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with type 2 diabetes with or at risk for cardiovascular disease | Dapagliflozin | Reduced hospitalization for heart failure and improved renal outcomes. |
| CREDENCE | Perkovic et al. | Multinational | Randomized controlled trial | Adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD | Canagliflozin | Reduced kidney failure, sustained eGFR decline, and cardiovascular events. |
| Underuse of cardiorenal protective agents | Hao et al. | United States | Cross-sectional study | High-risk adults with type 2 diabetes | SGLT2 inhibitors | Demonstrated substantial underuse of SGLT2 inhibitors among eligible patients. |
| CAREPRO-T2D | Simões de Carvalho et al. | Portugal | Cross-sectional study | Adults with type 2 diabetes | SGLT2 inhibitors | Identified significant underprescription of SGLT2 inhibitors despite guideline eligibility. |
| ATLAS study | Lindhardt et al. | Denmark | Cross-sectional study | Adults with CKD managed in primary care | SGLT2 inhibitors | Highlighted opportunities to improve CKD management and implementation of evidence-based therapies. |
| Kidney outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitors | Nagasu et al. | Japan | Retrospective cohort study | Adults with type 2 diabetes | SGLT2 inhibitors versus other glucose-lowering agents | SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with improved kidney outcomes in routine clinical practice. |
| Outcomes in new user cohorts | Layton et al. | United States | Retrospective cohort study | Adults with CKD and type 2 diabetes | SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists | Demonstrated favorable kidney and cardiovascular outcomes with SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. |
| Cardiorenal protective effects in CREDENCE | Charytan et al. | Multinational | Secondary analysis of the CREDENCE trial | Adults with type 2 diabetes and CKD | Canagliflozin | Cardiorenal benefits were consistent regardless of baseline glycemic control. |
| Low use of guideline-recommended cardiorenal protective agents | Marasinghe et al. | Australia | Cross-sectional study | Adults with type 2 diabetes in primary care | Cardiorenal protective therapies | Identified persistent underutilization of guideline-recommended therapies. |
| Factors affecting prescription of SGLT2 inhibitors | Ng et al. | Hong Kong, China | Qualitative study | Primary care physicians | SGLT2 inhibitors | Identified physician-related barriers and facilitators influencing SGLT2 inhibitor prescribing. |
| Real-world prescriptions of GLP-1RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors | Tuccinardi et al. | Italy | Retrospective observational cohort study | Adults with type 2 diabetes | GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors | Prescribing decisions were influenced more by BMI and age than by cardiorenal risk. |
GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; SGLT2: sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. The table summarizes the study name, first author, country, study design, study population, intervention, and key findings for the 15 primary studies included in this systematic review. References: [1–15].