Exploration of Cardiology

Table 2. Risk factors for ICI-associated cardiotoxicity.

Category	Risk factor	References
Patient-level	Diabetes mellitus	[42]
	Hypertension	[43]
	Sleep apnea	[42]
	Smoking	[43]
	Age > 85 years	[19, 46]
	Pre-existing cardiac disease	[19, 33]
Treatment-level	Combination ICI therapy	[46–48]
	Prior cardiotoxic chemotherapy	[9]
	Prior chest radiation	[9, 49]
Tumor-level	Thymic epithelial tumors	[19, 46]
	Melanoma	[46]
	Lung cancer	[20]
Genetic	HLA genotype (under investigation)	[50]

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ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; HLA: human leukocyte antigen.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

Artificial intelligence–based tools (including large language models) were used to assist with drafting, language refinement, and organization of this manuscript. Open Evidence was used for literature search assistance while Claude (Anthropic) AI was used for writing support. All scientific content, interpretations, and conclusions were generated, verified, and approved by the author, who assumes full responsibility for the work.

Author contributions

JV: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. The author has read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

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