Particle size, zeta-potential, and rheological parameters for chia O/W mono and bilayer-nanoemulsions formulated with different modified sunflower lecithin (DL or HL), by two homogenization processes (high-pressure valve homogenization or microfluidics)
Sample code
D [3, 2] (µm)
Span values
Zeta-potential (mV)
Power law parameters
n
K × 103 (Pa.s)
H-DL
0.315 ± 0.05d
1.317 ± 0.01a
–11.45 ± 1.35a
0.998 ± 0.001b
1.360 ± 0.001a
H-DLCh
0.229 ± 0.02c
1.318 ± 0.03a
+34.26 ± 1.47d
0.956 ± 0.001ab
4.685 ± 0.001bc
H-HL
0.173 ± 0.02b
8.440 ± 0.04d
–12.14 ± 3.26a
0.998 ± 0.001b
1.233 ± 0.001a
H-HLCh
0.118 ± 0.01a
2.389 ± 0.17c
+33.77 ± 2.69d
0.949 ± 0.016a
3.752 ± 0.002b
M-DL
0.113 ± 0.04a
11.945 ± 0.04e
–5.95 ± 2.82b
0.999 ± 0.002b
1.331 ± 0.110a
M-DLCh
0.121 ± 0.02a
1.835 ± 0.10b
+18.37 ± 2.88c
0.947 ± 0.001a
5.423 ± 0.571cd
M-HL
0.120 ± 0.02a
11.770 ± 0.01e
–6.64 ± 0.90b
0.999 ± 0.001b
1.295 ± 0.001a
M-HLCh
0.110 ± 0.01a
1.114 ± 0.13a
+19.31 ± 1.03c
0.927 ± 0.002a
6.374 ± 0.341d
Average values ± standard deviations of two replications. See Table 1 for sample code. n: flow behavior index; K: flow consistency index; a, b, c, d, e, ab, bc, cd: different letters in the same column indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between systems according to the Tukey test
Declarations
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the donation of chia seed oil sunflower lecithins (Lasenor Emul S.L., Spain). The authors are also grateful to Flavio Accinelli (Bio Esanco S.A., Argentina), Mariela Fernández, and her working group (CETMIC, Argentina) for their technical assistance, particularly in measuring emulsion stability and zeta potential, respectively.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Data from the present manuscript will be made available upon request.
Funding
This work was supported by Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) [11/X907]; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) [PIP 2007]; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica [PICT 2020-1274, PICT 2019-01775]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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