Exploration of Foods and Foodomics

Table 4. Laboratory tests.

Investigation	C (N) (n = 5)	C (P) (n = 5)	TN (10) (n = 5)	TN (20) (n = 5)	TN (30) (n = 5)	Test of sig.	p
SOD (U/mL)	170.45 ± 29.3^b	95.45 ± 42.7^c	184.09 ± 49.3^ab	231.82 ± 30.9^a	197.73 ± 27.3^ab	F = 18.666*	< 0.001*
CAT (U/L)	714.29 ± 26.8^b	555.15 ± 41.5^c	705.24 ± 57.9^b	819.17 ± 21.8^a	720.1 ± 55.8^b	F = 47.672*	< 0.001*
MDA (nmol/mL)	0.66 ± 0.63^b	3.09 ± 0.55^a	1.88 ± 1.18^b	0.73 ± 1.43^b	2.44 ± 0.88^ab	H = 18.282*	0.001*
GSH (µmol/mL)	104.4 ± 11.3^ab	86.6 ± 9.6^c	90.7 ± 18.3^bc	97.5 ± 7.9^ac	108.9 ± 6.2^a	F = 6.531*	0.002*
GPx (U/mL)	120.3 ± 21.2^b	79.6 ± 16.2^c	115.7 ± 13.5^b	155.3 ± 23.8^a	122.4 ± 20.1^ab	F = 19.399*	< 0.001*
S. Creat (mg/dL)	0.74 ± 0.25^a	0.84 ± 0.27^a	0.71 ± 0.11^a	0.72 ± 0.14^a	0.88 ± 0.17^a	H = 4.344	0.361
ALT (U/L)	33.70 ± 6.69^b	47.20 ± 10.92^a	41.0 ± 8.77^ab	36.40 ± 2.50^ab	42.60 ± 11.56^ab	F = 3.679*	0.021*
Tch (mg/dL)	112.10 ± 13.44^d	195.6 ± 11.25^a	173.77 ± 10.21^b	133.45 ± 5.67^c	168.73 ± 13.63^b	F = 88.959*	< 0.001*
CRP (mg/dL)	0.83 ± 0.70^c	8.50 ± 3.33^a	3.50 ± 0.77^b	2.60 ± 4.23^bc	3.70 ± 0.65^ab	H = 18.657*	0.001*

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F: F for ANOVA test; pairwise comparisons between every 2 groups were done using the post hoc test (Tukey). H: H for Kruskal-Wallis test; pairwise comparisons between every 2 groups were done using the post hoc test (Dunn’s multiple comparisons test). Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). *: statistically significant at p < 0.05.

Declarations

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of the students of the Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, for their assistance in experimental procedures and laboratory work. Their dedication and support were instrumental in the successful completion of this study. Artificial intelligence-based tools were used solely to improve the clarity and language of the manuscript. Specifically, ChatGPT was used for language editing. The authors take full responsibility for the scientific content, data interpretation, and conclusions presented in this manuscript. No artificial intelligence tool was used to generate original scientific content, analyze data, or draw conclusions.

Author contributions

DMAZ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Investigation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing—original draft. BHE: Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing—review & editing. BAB: Investigation, Data curation, Visualization. AAS: Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Unit of Research Ethics Approval Committee (UREAC) of Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt (Approval No.: 215). The study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Appropriate measures were taken to minimize animal suffering, and all procedures were performed under anesthesia where applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Copyright

Publisher’s note

Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.

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