Pharmacokinetic profiling of hit phytochemicals.
| Absorption | Amaroswerin | Eriocitrin | Afzelechin | Amarogentin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water solubility | –3.868 | –2.941 | –3.254 | –3.11 |
| Caco-2 permeability | –0.592 | –1.101 | 1.077 | 0.271 |
| Intestinal absorption (human) | 49.294 | 26.972 | 91.482 | 50.444 |
| Skin permeability | –2.754 | 2.735 | –2.735 | –2.735 |
| P-glycoprotein substrate | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| P-glycoprotein I inhibitor | Yes | No | No | No |
| P-glycoprotein II inhibitor | Yes | No | No | No |
| Distribution | ||||
| VDss (human) | –1.406 | 1.529 | 0.562 | 1.115 |
| Fraction unbound (human) | 0.313 | 0.148 | 0.194 | 0.094 |
| BBB permeability | –2.048 | –1.831 | –0.818 | –1.811 |
| CNS permeability | –4.382 | –4.859 | –2.473 | –4.448 |
| Metabolism | ||||
| CYP2D6 substrate | No | No | No | No |
| CYP3A4 substrate | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| CYP1A2 inhibitor | No | No | No | No |
| CYP2C19 inhibitor | No | No | No | No |
| CYP2C9 inhibitor | No | No | No | No |
| CYP2D6 inhibitor | No | No | No | No |
| CYP3A4 inhibitor | No | No | No | No |
| Excretion | ||||
| Total clearance | 0.465 | 0.115 | 0.255 | 0.419 |
| Renal OCT2 substrate | No | No | No | No |
| Toxicity | ||||
| Oral rat chronic toxicity (LOAEL) | 2.427 | 2.514 | 2.215 | 3.33 |
| Hepatotoxicity | No | No | No | No |
| Skin sensitization | No | No | No | No |
| T. pyriformis toxicity | 0.285 | 0.285 | 0.519 | 0.285 |
| Minnow toxicity | 2.391 | 7.621 | 2.75 | 3.384 |
LOAEL: lowest-observed-adverse-effect level.
The supplementary tables for this article are available at: https://www.explorationpub.com/uploads/Article/file/1010196_sup_1.pdf.
Rengarajan Murugesan sincerely thanks the management of Rajagiri College of Social Sciences for providing the opportunity and necessary support to prepare the manuscript. The author(s) declared that generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript. During manuscript preparation, the authors used Grammarly Premium to correct language errors. This AI-assisted tool checked spelling, grammar, punctuation, clarity, and plagiarism, suggesting corrections where needed. This collaboration enhanced the manuscript’s quality by combining human expertise with AI efficiency, and Turnitin was used to detect plagiarism and AI-generated content.
RM: Methodology, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Data curation, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. KK: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. RP: Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing—review & editing. SJ: Conceptualization, Project administration. KD: Resources, Validation. BK: Visualization, Writing—review & editing. SAC: Data curation, Formal analysis, Software. SP: Methodology, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Data curation, Validation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supporting Information. Additional datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
This work was financially supported by Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kerala, India, under Seed Money/Faculty Minor Research (Grant No. RCSS/IQAC/BB-S74/2026/174). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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