From:  Plant-derived phytochemicals as potential antibacterial agents for foodborne pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni targeting guaB-encoded IMPDH

 Plant-derived phytochemicals are reported to be effective in the inhibition of pathogenic organisms by disturbing various pathways involved in survival, replication, pathogenicity, and virulence factors.

S. No.Name of the phytochemicalsScientific name of source plants and common namesTargeting microbial enzymeRole of microbial enzymesLiterature
1.BaicaleinScutellaria baicalensis (Skullcap)ATP synthase (E. coli)Inhibit ATP synthesis for cellular energy[11]
2.CarvacrolOriganum vulgare (Oregano)ATPase activityEnhances energy disruption[12]
3.ChrysinPassiflora caeruleaBiofilm formation enzymesBacterial aggregation[13]
4.CinnamaldehydeCinnamomum verum (Cinnamon)DNA synthesis enzymesEnhance bactericidal action[12]
5.CurcuminCurcuma longa (Turmeric)Bacterial enzymes (e.g., membrane-associated)Inhibit enzymatic activity responsible for growth and virulence[14]
6.EpicatechinCamellia sinensis (Green tea)ATP synthaseInhibits energy production[11]
7.FisetinFragaria vesca (Strawberry)Biofilm enzymes (S. aureus)Inhibit colony growth[13]
8.HonokiolMagnolia officinalisMultiple membrane enzymesESKAPE pathogen resistance[15]
9.HydroxytyrosolOlea europaea (Olive)ATP synthase (E. coli)Membrane-bound energy generation (~60% inhibition)[16]
10.KaempferolPropolis/TeaBiofilm enzymesS. aureus adhesion[13]
11.LuteolinRed wine plants (e.g., Arachis hypogaea)S. aureus biofilm enzymesPathogen inhibition[13]
12.MorinMorus alba (Mulberry) or Maclura tinctoriaATP synthase (E. coli)Oxidative phosphorylation[11]
13.PiceatannolVitis vinifera (Grape) or Rheum speciesATP synthaseProton translocation and ATP formation[16]
14.QuercetinQuercetin-rich plants (onions, apples, Psidium guajava)Nucleic acid synthesis enzymesDisrupt protein synthesis and DNA replication[17]
15.ResveratrolVitis vinifera (Grape)Agr-mediated QS enzymes (S. aureus)Inhibit toxin production and biofilm formation[18]
16.Rosmarinic acidRosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary)Quorum sensing enzymes (LuxI-type)Inhibit the virulence factor’s ability[18]
17.SafranalCrocus sativus (Saffron)ATP synthaseDisrupt energy metabolism in bacteria[16]
18.SilymarinSilybum marianum (Milk thistle)ATP synthaseCellular respiration and growth[11]
19.ThymoquinoneNigella sativa (Black cumin)ATP synthaseATP production and energy generation[16]
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