Chemical constituents of Punica granatum L.
| Chemical constituents | |
|---|---|
| Peel [2, 3, 9, 15, 28–32] | Juice [15, 28–31, 33] |
| Ellagic acid, caffeic acid, ellagitannins, isopelletierine, methylpelletierine, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, pseudopelletierine, o-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, gallic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, catechins, hydroxy benzoic acid, tannin (26%), anthocyanidins, flavonols, rutin, polyphenols, flavonoids. | Ellagic acid, flavonols, aliphatic organic acids, gallic acid, amino acids, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), polyphenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, quinic acid, anthocyanins, organic acids, caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, catechin, glucose, fructose, sucrose, iron. |
| Root and bark [2, 9, 15, 28–32] | Flower [9, 15, 28, 29, 31, 33] |
| Ellagitannins, pelletierine, isopelletierine, tannin (22–25%), punico-tannic acid (20–25%), mannite, sugar gum, pectin, ash (15%), piperidine alkaloids, pyrrolidine alkaloid, punicalin, alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids. | Gallic acids, ursolic acid, triterpenoids, fatty acids, pelargonidine-3,5-di-glucoside, sitosterol, sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, maslinic acid, asiatic acid, polyphenols, fatty acids, punicalagin, punicalin. |
| Leaves [3, 9, 15, 28, 29, 31, 33] | Seeds [2, 4, 9, 15, 28–32] |
| Tannins (11%), carbohydrates, sterols, saponins, ellagitannins, flavonoids, piperidine alkaloids, glycosides, ellagitannins (granatins A, B and punicafolin), luteolin, fatty acids, punicalagin, punicalin, ellagic acid, resins, iron, magnesium sulfate, potassium, sodium. | Tannin (28%), punicic acid, methylellagic acid, Tri-o-methylellagic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, sterols, tocopherol, malvidin pentose glycoside, ellagic acid, fatty acids, carbohydrates, iron, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphate. |
The authors are thankful to Professor Abdul Wadood, former director, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, for giving us the opportunity to explore this medicinal fruit plant, and Mr. Ehtesham Ahmed, librarian, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, for providing all the required classical Unani textbooks for the literature review. During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to generate Figure 1 and NotebookLM for creating Figure 2. After using the tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
MN, FR: Conceptualization, Data curation, Visualization, Formal analysis. MN: Writing—original draft. FR: Writing—review & editing. Both authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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