From:  Designer probiotics and synbiotics: engineering the microbiome for precision health

 Examples of designer probiotics, engineering techniques, and their functional significance.

Engineered strainEngineering techniqueTarget function/applicationSignificanceReferences
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (engineered strains)Gene insertion/metabolic engineeringPhenylketonuria, metabolic disordersReduces toxic metabolite accumulation[2, 3]
E. coli Nissle (cytokine-expressing strains)Recombinant protein expressionInflammatory bowel diseaseAnti-inflammatory activity[2]
Lactococcus lactis (IL-10 producing)Heterologous gene expressionGut inflammationLocalised immune modulation[2, 3]
Saccharomyces boulardii (engineered strains)Fusion protein secretionPathogen toxin neutralisationEnhances gut protection[3]
Lactobacillus spp. (engineered metabolic strains)Pathway engineeringShort-chain fatty acid (SCFA)/neurotransmitter productionImproves gut-brain axis signalling[3, 11]
Biosensor probiotics (E. coli Nissle)Synthetic gene circuitsDisease diagnosticsDetects gut biomarkers[2, 11]
Engineered gut commensalsCRISPR-based editingMetabolic and inflammatory
diseases
Precision microbiome modulation[7, 11]