Physicochemical parameters of commercial honeys according to the product’s label.
| Botanical origin | Soluble solids (°Brix) | Moisture (g/100g) | pH | Free acidity (meq/kg) | EC (μS/cm) | Ash (g/100g) | HMF (mg/kg) | Pfund (mm) | Vitamin C (mg/100g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heather (n = 3) | 82.5 ± 0.5a | 17 ± 2a | 4.8 ± 0.6a | 30 ± 10a | 1,100 ± 200a | 0.5 ± 0.1a | 9 ± 1a | 160 ± 40a | 7.7 ± 0.4a |
| Orange (n = 3) | 82 ± 2a | 16 ± 2a | 3.7 ± 0.0b | 19 ± 1a | 280 ± 20b | 0.1 ± 0.0b | 42 ± 4b | 21 ± 0b | 5.0 ± 1.0b |
| Fir (n = 3) | 82 ± 3a | 16 ± 3a | 4.9 ± 0.3a | 35 ± 6a | 1,154 ± 65a | 0.6 ± 0.0a | 11 ± 2a | 60 ± 20b | 7.2 ± 0.6a |
| F | 0.185 | 0.230 | 10.280 | 5.010 | 41.542 | 44.110 | 158.640 | 25.267 | 11.977 |
| p | 0.836 | 0.801 | 0.012 | 0.053 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.008 |
n: number of commercial honey samples. Different letters in each column indicate statistically significant differences at the confidence level p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test. ANOVA to compare the average values of each parameter by the botanical origin of honey. F: F-statistic; p: probability.
MEG: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation. EI: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—original draft. DGL: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing—original draft. MS: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation. SK: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation. KK: Supervision. NDA: Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation. IKK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing—review & editing, Writing—original draft, Supervision, Visualization, Project administration. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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All data presented in the article, including data cited from other publications, are traceable to their sources, and all references are closely relevant to and supportive of the content of the article. The datasets supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The current study was partially funded by the funding programme “MEDICUS’’ of the University of Patras. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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