Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means within the same column followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA showed significant treatment effects for Asp + Asn (F = 18.72, p < 0.001), Glu + Gln (F = 52.10, p < 0.001), Ser (F = 6.85, p = 0.015), Gly (F = 8.47, p = 0.008), Ala (F = 9.92, p = 0.005), Val (F = 14.33, p = 0.002), Ile (F = 7.66, p = 0.010), Leu (F = 11.54, p = 0.003), Tyr (F = 6.02, p = 0.020), Phe (F = 16.41, p = 0.001), His (F = 4.95, p = 0.035), and Lys (F = 21.77, p < 0.001).
Declarations
Author contributions
ABR: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Investigation, Supervision. ML: Investigation, Validation, Writing—review & editing. LH and NJ: Investigation. AM and PPR: Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in financial, personal, or other relationships with other people, laboratories, or organizations.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Funding
Funding by the Institute for Research and Community Service, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Indonesia through the Faculty of Agriculture – Associate Professor (Lektor Kepala) Research Grant No. [773/UN47.B6/PT.01.03/2025]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Open Exploration maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliations and maps. All opinions expressed in this article are the personal views of the author(s) and do not represent the stance of the editorial team or the publisher.
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